Urban Commons, Future Smart Cities and Sustainability

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I Introduction
1 Global Narratives of Knowledge and Innovation-Based Development
Introduction
Global Cities: Prospects of Knowledge-Based Development
Research Framework
Estimates for Global Research and Development
Innovation Initiatives in Developed Economies
Innovation Initiatives in India
Approach for Innovation
UNDP, Global Knowledge Index 2021
Bloomberg Innovation Index 2021
NITI Aayog, Innovation Report 2020
Vision 2030: Government of Karnataka and SDGs
Karnataka’s Economic Initiatives to Foster Knowledge Ties
Role of Software Policies in Reshaping the State’s Economy
Conclusion
References
2 Recreational Centres as Urban Commons: Potential and Barriers to Regeneration in Zambia
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
A Brief History of Zambian Recreation Centres and the Subsequent Degeneration
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Suitable Characteristics of Recreation Centres
Benefits of Using Recreation Centres as Urban Commons
Challenges Hindering Sustainable Regeneration
Zambian Recreation Centres as Urban Commons and Future Smart Cities
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
3 Political Common(ing) in a Smart City
Introduction
Reading Commons: A Literature Survey Through the Lens of Public/Political
Governing Smart Cities: As a Democratic Polity
Governing
Commoning
Political Commons: Developing a Framework
Community Media: An Example
Community Radio: Political Commoning in India
Assessment
References
Part II Urban Growth, Agglomeration and Urban Infrastructure
4 Learning from Contextual Diversity: Urban Sprawls of Greater Melbourne (West) and Chandigarh (Periphery) and Approaches to Their Sustainable Growth
Introduction
Emical and Etical Approaches
Supportive Approaches and Representations: Spectacles and Landscapes
Conceptual Framework: Planning Tools (Controls), Urban Sprawls and Suburbs
Histories
Reading Melbourne as a British Colony, Land Possession and the Beginning of the Settlement Process
Melbourne: A City in Making
Urban Sprawls, Suburbs of Melbourne
Western Suburbs of Greater Melbourne Following Sustainable Paths?
Ongoing Work on Sustainability, Amidst Party Politics
Contextuality and Differences
Contextualising Urban Societies
‘Desakota’ Form of Suburban Development in South-Eastern Asia
Hybridisation and Urban Sprawls
Property, Values and Suburban Growth
Experiences of Walking, Living in Melbourne’s Western Suburbs
Chandigarh
Peripheral Transformations: Mega-projects, SEZs
Periphery
North-East
North-West
South-West (Mohali-End on Kharar–Banur Highway)
South-East: (Zirakpur) Along Chandigarh-Patiala; Chandigarh-Ambala-Delhi Highway
SEZs
Emerging Scenario
Differences and Distinctions
Conclusions
References
5 Urbanisation and Urban Villages: An Overview of Slum Communities in India
Introduction
Methodological Approaches
Thematic Lines of Research
Effect of Globalisation and the Neoliberal Economy in Housing Crises and Growth of Slums in India
Neoliberal Economy and Wage Inequality
Changing Patterns of Economy—From Formal to Informal
Rural–Urban Migration and the Role of Urban-Centric Economic Bias
Livability in Urban India and Declining Quality of Life
Methodological Focus on Urban Slum Scholarship in India
Conclusions
Significance and Policy Implications
References
6 Sustainable Urban Management of the Mainstream and the Margin: Reflecting on Delhi and Its Peri-Urban Transformation
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Results and Discussion
Understanding the City Spaces, Its Peripheries and Apprehending the Changes in the Process of Urban Growth
Examining the Trend of Urban Development Through Visual Images
Summing Up
References
7 Are Informal Economic Spaces of Street-Vending Sights of ‘Disorderly Urban Environments’ and Sprawl? A Case Study on Hawkers of Kolkata
Introduction
Informality, City Streets and Environmental Framings
Field Context and Methodology
Street Vendors and Articulations Around Urban Environment in Selected Areas of Kolkata
Discussions
Conclusions
References
8 Polycentric Urbanism and the Growth of New Economic Hubs in Mumbai, India
Introduction
Literature Review
Materials and Methods
The Study Area
Data and Research Instruments
Results and Discussion
Mumbai’s Transition from a Monocentric to a Polycentric Paradigm
The Emergence of New Economic Hubs
Implications of the Polycentric Growth of Economic Hubs
Conclusions and Recommendations
References
9 Estimate the Urban Landscape Dynamics in Balichak Census Town, West Bengal, for Integrated Spatial Monitoring
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Approximation of Sprawling Susceptibility
Probability Mass Function in Sprawling Impacts Analysis
Cumulative Distribution Function
Result and Discussion
Probability of Changes
Susceptibility Score
Recommendations for Sustainable Coping Strategy
Conclusion
References
10 Determination of Urban Sprawl Using Shannon Entropy Model in GIS: A Study of Bardhaman City of West Bengal, India
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Result and Discussion
Changes in the Land Use and Land Cover in Bardhaman Planning Area
Change Detection and Area Converted to Built-Up in Bardhaman Planning Area
Urban Sprawl and Expansion of the City Area
Shannon’s Entropy Index for Urban Sprawl
Conclusion
References
11 Urban Sprawl and Landscape Transition in Awutu Senya East Municipal Assembly
Introduction
Literature Review
Urbanisation and Urban Sprawl
Effects of Urbanisation and Urban Sprawl on Earth’s Systems
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Land Use and Land Cover Types
Land Cover Change Detection
Change Detection 1986 and 2002
Change Detection 2002 and 2021
Change Detection 1986 and 2021
Perception on the Causes and Effects of Landscape Transformation
Discussion
Limitations of the Study
Conclusion and Recommendations
References
12 Urbanisation and Economic Interdependency: An Econometric Analysis of Inter-State Change and Continuity in India, 1981–2011
Introduction
Literature Review
Economic Liberalisation as a Framework
Economic Restructuring, Urbanisation and Economic Growth
Measurement Indicators for Economic Growth and Urbanisation
Research Design
Study Area and Scale of Analysis
Data Source and Methods
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Visual Insights into Growth and Development
Results and Discussion
Spatial Patterns of Inter-State Urbanisation and Urban Growth Rates
The State of Indian Economy and Growth Sectors
Performance and Pattern of Per Capita Net State Domestic Product in India
Major Factors of Urban Economic Growth
New Economic Reforms and Indian Economy
Emergence of Economic Sectors in the New Millennium (2010–11)
The Composite Scores and Levels of Development
Conclusions
References
13 Comprehending the Land Use Dynamics in Urban Regions by Conducting an Ex-post Master Plan Evaluation
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Case Study Selection
Data Collection for Spatial Analysis
Master Plan-Wise Analysis
Urban Land Use Category-Wise Analysis
Conformance Variation (CV)
Results and Discussion
Master Plan-Wise Analysis
Urban Land Use Category-Wise Analysis
Conformance Variation (CV)
Discussion
Challenges/Limitations of the Study
Conclusion
References
14 Rethinking Urban Sprawl: Moving Towards Sustainable Urban Planning Practice in Zambia
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Background of Urban Development in Zambia
Post-independence Urban Development and Planning
The Legal Basis for City Planning Process in Zambia
A Shift to Integrated Development Planning
Urban Sprawl in Kitwe
Conclusion
References
15 Geospatial Technology for Analysing the Dynamics in Microclimate with Special Reference to Land Surface Temperature of Tropical Cities: A Case Study
Introduction
Methodology
Data Processing and Analysis
Measurement of Land Surface Temperature (LST)
Retrieval of Land Surface Temperature
Study Area
Spatial Pattern of LST
Land Cover Type and Land Surface Temperature
Vegetation
Agriculture
Waterbodies
Barren Lands
Built-Up
Significance of Different Land Cover Indices on LST
Normalised Difference Vegetation Index—NDVI
Distribution of NDVI Values in Kannur District
Distribution of NDVI Values on Land Use Land Cover
Relationship Between NDVI and LST
Normalised Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI)
Distribution of NDBI in Kannur District
Distribution of NDBI Values on Land Use Land Cover
Relationship Between NDBI and LST
Conclusion
References
16 Assessment of LULC Changes and Its Impact on Agricultural Landscape in Peri-urban Space of Bolpur Town, West Bengal (India)
Introduction
About Study Areas
Methodology
Spatial Data
Adaptation of Classification Scheme
LULC Classification Based on Support Vectors Machine Learning Algorithms
Accuracy Assessment
Analysis of Urban Expansion by Change Assessment
Results and Discussion
Land Cover Maps and Status
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Change Detection
Gain–Loss Analysis
Agricultural Land Fragmentation
Accuracy Assessment of the Classification
Discussion
Conclusion
References
17 Exploring the Spatio-temporal Patterns and Driving Forces of Urban Growth in Dhaka Megacity from 1990 to 2020
Introduction
Worldwide Urbanisation Trend
Process of Urbanisation
Characteristics of Urbanisation in Bangladesh
Application of Remote Sensing in Urbanisation Research
Rationale of the Study
Materials and Method
Study Area
Data Description
Methods
Results and Discussion
Spatio-temporal Patterns of Urbanisation in Dhaka City
Driving Forces Urbanisation in the City
Impact on the Environment and Health
Conclusion
References
Part III Climate Crisis, Urban Health and Waste Management
18 Impacts of Climate Change on Precipitation and Temperature Climatology in Türkiye from Present to Future Perspective
Introduction
Study Area
Rationale of the Study
Materials and Methods
Determining I, the Mediterranean Climatic Border
Determination of Seasonal Precipitation Regimes and Determination of Areas with Summer Precipitation > 200 mm and < 200 mm
Determining Continentality (C)
Determining Aridity (S)
Gaussen Method (Ombrothermic Diagram)
Spatial Analysis with Kriging Interpolation Method in Geographic Information Systems
Results and Discussion
Temperature and Precipitation Conditions of Türkiye
Distribution of Precipitation in Türkiye
Distribution of Areas with Summer Precipitation > 200 mm and < 200 mm
Distribution of Continentality (C)
Distribution of Drought Conditions of Selected Cities (S)
Projected Changes in Temperature and Precipitation Climatology in Türkiye
Conclusion
References
19 An Assessment About the Quality of Life: Case Study of Asansol
Introduction
Theoretical Orientation
Objectives
Materials and Methods
Data Sources
Statistical Analysis
Rationale Behind the Section of the Indicators
Software
Study Area
Results
HI
SBAI
AI
MWI
Analysis of Select Resources of the Study Region
Conclusion
References
20 Analysing Land Use Transformation and Water Security: Evidence from the Global North and the Global South
Introduction
Literature Review
Study Areas
Demographic Profile—A Comparison
Spatio-Temporal Changes—A Comparison
Water Management in Toronto
Water Management in NCT Delhi
Discussion and Conclusion
References
21 Livelihood Opportunities and Challenges of Slum Dwellers in the Changing Urban Environment: A Case Study of Guwahati City Slums in India
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
Informality as Urban Livelihood
Study Objectives and Methodology
General Objective
Specific Objective
Materials and Methods
Northeast India Context—Urbanisation and Slum Growth
Guwahati City and Urbanisation: The Area Context
City’s Slum Character and Type
The Machkhowa Slum: A Case Study
Result and Discussion
Age and Sex Composition
Religious Composition
Social Origin of Slum Communities and Migration Patterns
Educational Status
Economic Life and Livelihood Opportunities in Urban Structure
Household Income and Economic Adaptation
Livelihood Challenges and Vulnerabilities
Adoption of Coping Mechanism or Strategies
Conclusion
References
22 Identification of Potential Rooftops for Gardening and Contributions of RTGs to Improve the Socio-economic Condition and Promote a Sustainable Urban Environment in the Changing Climatic Condition of Bangladesh
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Description
Methods
Results and Discussion
Existing and Potential RTG Scenarios
The Socio-economic and Demographic Background of the Respondent in the Study Area
Purpose of Maintaining Rooftop Garden (RTG)
Thermal Conditions of Buildings with and Without RTG
Thermal Discomfort Scenarios
People’s Perception of the Positive Impact, Obstacles and Difficulties to Implement RTG
Limitations of the Study
Recommendations
Conclusions
References
23 Evaluation of Urban Land Surface Temperatures and Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics for Palakkad Municipality, Kerala, for Sustainable Management
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Land Surface Temperature
Land Use Land Cover (LULC)
Urban Heat Island study
Results and Discussions
Changes in Land Use Land Cover and Land Surface Temperatures
Urban Heat Island for Palakkad Municipality
Conclusions
References
24 Geographical Analysis of Municipal Waste Management—A Case Study of Patna Municipal Corporation (Bihar, India)
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Data Collection and Processing
Statistical Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
25 Analytical Study of Biomedical Waste Management Scenario in Kolkata City: Sustainability Challenges
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Phases of Biomedical Waste Management
Occupational Safety Practices for Waste Handlers
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Emergency Response System
Epidemiological Impact of Biomedical Waste
Risks for Healthcare Workers
Occupational Hazard
Commercialisation and Recycling of Biomedical Waste
Conclusion
References
26 Analysing the Institutional Framework for Climate Resilient Metropolitan Regions from the Global North and Global South
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Study Areas
Analysis and Findings I
Regional Delineation and Associated Governance Framework
Climatic Risks and Vulnerabilities
Analysis and Findings II
Mainstreaming of Climate Adaptation
Implementation of Climate Adaptation Solutions
Sensitivity to the Local Context
Skill and Expertise
Information Management, Knowledge Exchange, Learning and Innovation
Investment
Monitoring and Evaluation
Involvement of Diverse Stakeholders
Conclusion
References
27 Comparative Urban Waste Management in Developing Countries—Case Studies of Nairobi and Johannesburg Cities of Africa
Introduction
Basic Principles of Sustainable Cities and Rationale for the Study
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Urban Waste Management as an Element of Sustainable Cities
State of Waste Management in Nairobi City
State of Waste Management in Johannesburg City
Municipal Waste Management Policies and Practices in the City of Johannesburg
Recommendations Towards Sustainable Waste Management in African Cities
Conclusion
References
28 The City Green Landscapes: Environmental Benefits and Typologies of Green Landscapes in Delhi
Introduction
Environmental Benefits of Urban Green Landscapes
Ecological Benefits
Pollution Abatement
Economic Benefits
Energy–Saving Benefits
Typologies of Urban Green Landscapes in the Hierarchy of Spatial Plans in Urban Areas
Existing Hierarchy of Spatial Plans in Delhi NCR
Mainstreaming the Urban Green Landscapes in Urban Areas
International and National Initiatives for Creating Blue-Green Infrastructures
Urban Green Landscapes of Delhi
Conclusion
References
Part IV Smart Building, Ecosystem Services, Society and Future Smart Cities
29 Growing Urban Tourism Activities While Increasing Vegetation Ecosystem Service Under Land Use Changes Pressure: A Case Study of Sanur, Bali, Indonesia
Introduction
Study Area
Data and Methods
Data Uses
GPP Calculation
Results
Land Use Changes
GPP Changes
Land Use and GPP Changes in the Centre of Tourism Area in Sanur
Discussions
Land Use Changes
Changes in Annual GPP
The Use of High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery to Estimate the GPP
Conclusions
References
30 Price Tagging on Urban Farming Benefit in the Context of Ecosystem Services
Introduction
Rational of the Study
Material and Method
Identification Urban Farming Performance
Development of Integrative Indicator
Metric and Monetary Valuation of the Integrative Indicators
Total Economic Value (TEV) Actual and Potential
Result and Discussion
Integrative Indicator of Urban Farming Benefit
Urban Farming Value
Total Economic Value (TEV) of Urban Farming
Conclusion and Recommendation
References
31 Building Extraction of Kolkata Metropolitan Area Using Machine Learning and Earth Observation Datasets
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Materials
Methods
Results and Discussions
Training and Test Samples
Land Use/Land Cover Classification
Validation and Accuracy Assessment
Built-Up Development in Kolkata Metropolitan Area
Conclusion
References
32 The Application of CIM and BIM to the Simulation of Energy in Urban Superblocks; an Effort to Develop the Initial Digital Twins (Case Studies: Kermanshah, Iran)
Introduction
Aims and Originality
Interaction Between CIM and BIM
Role of Digital Twins, CIM in the Simulation of Energy in Superblocks
Research Methodology
Step 1: Generative 2D and 3D Model
Step 2: Energy Calculation
Step 3: Case Study
Results
Discussions
Significant Findings
The Innovation
Conclusion and Future Work
References
33 Evaluating the Spatial Distribution of Thermal Comfort Conditions in a High, Elevated Lakeside City, Van
Introduction
Location and Properties of Study Area
Materials and Methods
Results
Mean Conditions
Maximum Conditions
Minimum Conditions
Percentages of Spatial Distributions of Thermal Comfort Conditions
Discussion
Conclusion
References
Part V Urban Governance, Smart Solutions, and Sustainable Cities
34 The Application of Geospatial Artificial Intelligence, Geo Internet of Things and Geostatistical Visual Analytics for Urban Recovery Planning and Management Due to the Eruption of Mount Semeru, Indonesia
Introduction
Research Framework
The Role of Geospatial Information and Technology in Urban
GeoAI
Geospatial Internet of Things (GeoIOT)
Geostatistical Visual Analytics in the Dashboard
The Development of GeoAI, GeoIoT, Geostatistic Visual Analytics for Urban Recovery Planning and Management Due to the Eruption of Mount Semeru
The Application of GeoAI in an Effort to Accelerate the Emergency Response to the Mount Semeru Eruption as the Basis for Urban Recovery Planning and Management
The Development of GeoIoT in an Effort to Accelerate the Mount Semeru Eruption Emergency Response and Urban Recovery Planning and Management
The Development of Geostatistical Visual Analytics to Support Decision-Making Processes for Urban Recovery Planning and Management due to the Mount Semeru Eruption
Challenges/Limitations of the Study
Conclusions
References
35 Rethinking ‘Heritage’ Based on Urban Space Transformations in the Colonial Town of Chandernagore, India
Introduction
Historicising Chandernagore
Trajectories of Urban Growth in Chandernagore
Objectives
Materials and Methods
Changing Spatial Dynamics
Reality Check: Status of Heritage Sites
Understanding People's Perceptions About Town's Heritage Values
Rethinking ‘Heritage’ Through Action Plan and Outreach Activities
Conclusion
References
36 Review on Application of Call Details Records (CDRs) Data to Understand Urban Mobility Scenarios for Future Smart Cities
Introduction
Related Work on Previous Applications of Mobile Phone Data to Mobility Studies
Case Studies
Dhaka Joint Trip Generation Model Using CDR
Boston Individual Mobility Analysis
Singapore Taxicab and Mobile Phone Data Analysis
How Location Information of CDR Data Can Be Obtained
Privacy Issues of Telephonic Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)
Data Processing Framework
Data Interpretation
Conclusion
References
37 Streamlining Freight Transport Through Planning Interventions in Vijayawada City
Introduction
Background of the Study
Need for the Study
Existing Issues Related to Urban Freight
Research Methodology
Aim
Objectives
Research Hypothesis
Research Questions
Scope and Limitation
Literature Review
Research Papers
Learnings from Literature
Case Area Description
Introduction
Demography
Transportation
Logistics
Land Use
Data Collection
Analysis and Findings
Outer Cordon Comparative Analysis
Traffic Volume Count Inferences
Truck Operator Survey
Impact of Freight on Urban Traffic
Freight Analysis Zones (FAZ)
Freight Demand Forecasting
Freight Challenges and Recommendations
Proposals
Truck Terminals
Freight Movement Corridors
Land Use Utility Zones
Conclusion
References
38 Incorporating Crowdsourced Social Media Footprint in Delhi Metro’s Service Quality Assessment
Introduction
Defining Service Quality and Comprehending Related Works
Discerning the Significance of ‘User Perception’ in Perceived Service Quality
Opportunity in Social Media Data
Study Area and Data Collection Strategy
Delhi Metro Overview
Data Collection Strategy
Methodology
Data Pre-processing and Geocoding
Semantic and Sentiment Analysis
Structuring the Data
Calculating the Perceived Service Quality and Identifying the Priority Issues
Analysis Interpretation
Evaluating the Tweets
Structuring the Commuters’ Perception
Identifying the Priority Issues
Comprehending the Spatial Set-Up
Discussion
Conclusion
References
39 Smart Geometric Design of Highways Using HTML Programming for Sustainable and Climate Resilient Cities
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Development of Web Application Tool for Highway Design (WAT-HD)
Geometric Highway Design Considerations in WAT-HD
Results and Discussion
Two-Lane Two-Way Geometric Highway Design Analysis Using Manual Approach
Performance Evaluation of WAT-HD and Its Scope in Smart City Planning
Conclusions
References
40 Towards Seamless Urban Mobility Through Smartphone-Based Mobility Apps: Insights from India
Introduction
Literature
Methods and Study Area
Type of Mobility Apps and Their Role in the Study Area
Route Planning Apps
Ride-Sharing
Travel Information Apps
Description of Different Smartphone Mobility Apps
Potential Challenges
Decision-Making by Demand and Supply Side
Mobility as a Service
MaaS for Better Mobility Practices and Environment
MaaS, Mobile Apps and a New Business Model
Mobility Management for Change in Behaviour Through Mobility Apps
Transport Network Equilibrium Through Mobility Apps
On-demand Transport
Integration
Lack of Integration in Mobile Apps
Lack of Integration in Agencies
Conclusion
Future Directions
References
41 Assessment of Air Quality Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Introduction
SARC-CoV-2 Virus as Aerosol
The Impact of Pandemic on the Air Quality
Materials and Methods
Area Study
Observation with OMI, MERRA-2 Model and Simulation with WRF-Chem Model
Weather Factor
Air Pollution Standards Index
Results and Discussion
Analysis of the OMI, MERRA-2 Models and Simulation with WRF-Chem Model
Analysis of Weather Factor
Analysis of the Air Pollutant Standard Index
Recommendations
Conclusion
References
42 Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 on Urban Socio-economic Vulnerability and Wellbeing for Integrated Planning: A Quantitative Enquiry in the Katwa Municipality, West Bengal
Introduction
Objectives
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Data Sources
Methods and Techniques
Results
Socio-economic Situations of the Respondents During the Lockdown
Assessment of the Socio-economic Indicators
Urban Socio-economic Vulnerability Analysis During COVID 19 Lockdown
Impact of the Indicators on Socio-economic Vulnerability
Respondents’ Perception of the Impact of Lockdown
Discussion and Policy Suggestions
Conclusion
Supplementary Materials
S1. Socio-economic Indicators
S2. Descriptive Statistics of the Selected Indicators
S3. Correlation Matrix of the Selected Indicators
S4. Regression Coefficients
References
43 Post-pandemic Urban World: Rethinking Urban Policies for Selected Indian Cities
Introduction
Objectives
Methodology
Review of Literature
Pandemic and Third Places in Indian Cities
Findings on the Impact of Social Distancing Policies on Some of the Third Spaces in Indian Cities
Informal Arrangement on Sidewalks
Tea Stalls
Shopping Mall
Park
Revisiting Theories
Limitation of the Study
Conclusion
References
Index