Urban Climate Change and Heat Islands: Characterization, Impacts, and Mitigation

Front Cover
Urban Climate Change and Heat Islands
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
1 Urban climate change: reasons, magnitude, impact, and mitigation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is causing urban overheating?
1.3 About the magnitude of the urban overheating
1.4 About the impact of urban overheating
1.5 Mitigation of urban overheating
1.5.1 Decrease of the absorption of solar radiation in the urban fabric
1.5.2 Increase of the emission of infrared radiation by the urban structures
1.5.3 Increase of the ventilative cooling in cities
1.5.4 Decrease of the flow of advective heat
1.5.5 Increase of the evapotranspiration hear flux
1.5.6 Decrease of the anthropogenic heat release
1.5.7 Dissipation of the excess heat to low-temperature environmental sinks
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Experimental and monitoring techniques to map and document urban climate change
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Measurement approaches in urban climatology
2.2.1 Networks of weather stations—continuous monitoring
2.2.1.1 Sensing networks managed by agencies and research institutions
2.2.1.1.1 Weather stations
2.2.1.1.2 Street stations
2.2.1.1.3 Stations above the urban canopy layer
2.2.1.2 Amateur networks and citizen science approaches
2.2.1.3 Validation of data from weather stations
2.2.1.4 Validity and representativity of networks over time
2.2.2 Short-term terrestrial campaigns
2.2.2.1 Temporary weather stations or other fixed sensing elements
2.2.2.2 Transects with vehicles, carts, or wearable equipment
2.2.2.3 Citizen science climate mapping and ubiquitous sensing
2.2.2.3.1 Climate mapping by citizen scientists
2.2.2.3.2 Wearable sensors
2.2.3 Remote sensing
2.3 Climate and nonclimate data to support urban heat mitigation: challenges and prospects
2.3.1 Measurement of advective flows and causes of urban overheating
2.3.2 Measurement of parameters that influence the performance of urban heat mitigation technologies
2.3.3 Mapping of urban pollution and noise levels
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Synergies and exacerbations—effects of warmer weather and climate change
3.1 Urban heat islands and urban overheating
3.1.1 Urban overheating causes
3.1.2 Urban overheating quantification methods
3.2 Heatwaves
3.2.1 Heatwaves identification methods
3.3 The combined effect of urban overheating and heatwaves on human health, economy, energy, and environment
3.3.1 Mortality and morbidity
3.3.2 Energy
3.3.3 Environment and the economy
3.4 UO interaction with heatwaves—quantification of energy budget equation
3.4.1 Alteration in the radiative input during heatwaves
3.4.2 Alteration in sensible and latent heat fluxes during heatwaves
3.4.3 Alteration in advective heat fluxes during heatwaves
3.4.4 Alteration in anthropogenic heat fluxes during heatwaves
3.4.5 Alteration in heat storage during heatwaves
3.4.6 UO response to heatwaves in various cities
3.4.6.1 Exacerbated daytime UO during heatwaves
3.4.6.2 Exacerbated nighttime UO during heatwaves
3.4.6.3 Exacerbated UO at both daytime and nighttime
3.4.6.4 No change in urban overheating magnitude during heatwaves
3.4.6.5 A decline in urban overheating magnitude during heatwaves
3.4.7 Inconsistent response of urban overheating to heatwaves—important factors
3.4.7.1 Different boundary conditions
3.4.7.2 Inconsistent urban overheating quantification methods
3.4.7.3 Inconsistent heatwaves calculation methods
3.5 Synoptic climatology
3.5.1 Classification
3.5.2 Synoptic-scale weather conditions and urban overheating
3.6 A case study from Sydney, Australia
3.6.1 Interaction between urban overheating and heatwaves in Sydney
3.6.2 Interaction between urban overheating and synoptic-scale weather conditions in Sydney
3.7 Discussion and conclusion
Nomenclature
Supplementary material
References
4 Multiscale modeling techniques to document urban climate change
4.1 Introduction: why model urban and intra-urban climate change?
4.2 Modeling techniques to document urban and intraurban climate variability and change
4.2.1 Scale models
4.2.2 Statistical methods
4.2.3 Numerical methods
4.2.3.1 Surface and urban canopy energy balance models
One-dimensional approaches (slab or bulk models)
Building-averaged approaches (canyon and block array models)
Building-resolved approaches
4.2.3.2 Computational fluid dynamic models
Three-dimensional modeling of urban airflow and thermal environment
4.2.3.3 Inclusion of vegetation in numerical models
4.2.3.4 Inclusion of anthropogenic waste heat and water fluxes in numerical models
4.2.4 Summary and review of modeling techniques
4.3 Modeling urban climate’s impact on human life
4.3.1 Urban climate and climate change interaction
4.3.2 Urban ventilation
4.3.3 Thermal environment and exposure in the built environment
4.4 Conclusions
References
5 Urban overheating—energy, environmental, and heat-health implications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Impact of urban overheating on energy generation and energy supply systems
5.2.1 Impact of urban overheating on the energy consumption of reference buildings
5.2.2 Impact of urban overheating on the temporal variation of the energy consumption of buildings
5.2.3 Impact of overheating on the energy consumption of the total building stock of a city
5.2.4 Impact of the future overheating on the energy consumption of buildings
5.2.5 Impact of overheating on the global electricity consumption of a city, or a country
5.2.6 Impact of overheating on the peak electricity demand
5.2.7 Impact of overheating on the performance of the electricity production and distribution systems
5.3 Impact of urban overheating of urban vulnerability
5.4 Impact of urban overheating on air quality
5.5 Impact of urban overheating on health
5.5.1 Impact of urban overheating on heat-related morbidity
5.5.2 Impact of urban overheating on heat-related mortality
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Fighting urban climate change—state of the art of mitigation technologies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Mitigating the urban heat using advanced materials for the urban fabric
6.2.1 Introduction to mitigation materials
6.2.2 High reflectance white coatings
6.2.3 Colored infrared reflective coatings
6.2.4 Reflecting materials of high thermal capacity
6.2.5 Temperature-sensitive/color changing materials
6.2.6 Fluorescent materials for mitigation
6.2.7 Photonic and materials of daytime radiative cooling
6.2.8 Cooling with elastocaloric materials
6.3 Using transpiration cooling to mitigate urban heat
6.4 Mist cooling
6.5 Urban greenery to mitigating the urban heat
6.5.1 Progress on atmospheric heat mitigation with green infrastructure
6.6 Conclusions
References
7 Environmental, energy, and health impact of urban mitigation technologies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The impact of increased urban albedo on urban temperature, energy consumption, and health
7.2.1 The impact of increased urban albedo on ambient urban temperature
7.2.2 The impact of increased urban albedo on heat-related mortality
7.2.3 The impact of increased urban albedo on energy consumption and electricity generation
7.3 The impact of increased green infrastructure on urban temperature and health
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Data and characteristics
7.3.3 The impact of increased green infrastructure on ambient temperature—mitigation potential
7.3.4 Impact of increased green infrastructure on heat-related mortality
7.3.5 Impact of green infrastructure on heat-related morbidity
7.3.6 Impact of increased green infrastructure on urban pollution levels
7.4 Conclusion
References
Index
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