Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communications

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
1 Historical Perspectives and Introduction to UAV Cellular Communications
1.1 Introduction to UAV Cellular Communications
1.2 Categories of UAV and Their Characteristics
1.3 Enabling UAV Communication and Network Technologies
1.3.1 Communication Modules
1.3.2 Antenna Design
1.3.3 Resource Management Forums
1.3.4 Networking Technologies for UAV Transmission Model
1.3.5 UAV-Assisted Wireless Sensor Networks and UAV-Assisted Vehicular Transmission Model
1.4 Artificial Intelligence Technologies for Future UAV Transmission Model
1.4.1 UAV Features
1.4.2 Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
1.5 Cyber–Physical Security of UAV-Based Cellular Communications
1.5.1 CPS Security Vulnerabilities
1.5.2 CPS Security Threats
1.5.2.1 Cyber Threats
1.5.2.2 Physical Threats
1.6 Future Research Directions
1.6.1 Future UAV Networks
1.6.2 UAV Mobile Networks
1.6.3 UAV Books for the Future
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 UAV Cellular Communication in 5G New Radio WirelessStandards
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Factors Influencing UAV Communication: Drawbacks
2.3 Literature Review
2.3.1 UAV System Functions and Requirements
2.3.2 UAV Communication Architecture
2.3.3 Consideration of Factors in UAV Communication System
2.4 Impact of 5G in UAV
2.5 Connections Linking the Different Nodal Points of the UAV-Based Communication System
2.6 UAV Structure Functionalities, Demands, and Services
2.7 Consequences of Spectrum Sharing
2.8 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Modeling UAV Communications
2.9 Infrastructure for 5G Experimentation
2.10 Infrastructure for the Mobile Core Network
2.11 Infrastructure for 5G Radio Access Networks
2.12 Numerical Simulation Results
2.13 Interpretation of Numerical Results
2.14 Conclusion
References
3 5G NR Massive MIMO for Efficient and Robust UAV Cellular Communications
Acronym
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Massive MIMO
3.2.1 What Is Massive MIMO?
3.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing
3.2.3 Beamforming
3.2.4 Multiuser MIMO
3.2.5 Performance Factor
3.3 MIMO Architecture
3.3.1 5G Core Architecture
3.3.2 Channel Estimation
3.3.3 Beam Propagation
3.3.4 Uplink-Downlink Transformation
3.3.5 2 = 2 and 4 = 4 MIMO
3.4 Multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO)
3.4.1 Energy and Spectral Efficiency
3.4.2 Favorable Propagation
3.4.3 Multicell Multiuser MIMO
3.4.4 MU-MIMO Benefits
3.5 Massive MIMO Challenges
3.5.1 Pilot Contamination
3.5.2 Unfavorable Propagation
3.5.3 Implementation Challenges
3.6 Future of 5G
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 An Overview of Intelligent Reflecting Surface Assisted UAV Communication Systems
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces
4.2.1 System Model: Uplink Multiuser and Multi-IRS-Aided System
4.2.2 System Model: Downlink Multiuser and Multi-IRS-Aided System
4.3 UAV Communication System
4.4 IRS-UAV Communication
4.4.1 IRS-THz-UAV Communications
4.4.2 IRS-NOMA-UAV Communications
4.4.3 IRS-SWIPT-UAV Communications
4.4.4 IRS-PLS-UAV Communication
4.5 Challenges
4.5.1 Channel Model and Estimation
4.5.2 IRS Controlling
4.5.3 Trajectory and Beamforming Optimization
4.6 Case Study: IRS-UAV Communication
4.6.1 System Model
4.6.2 Simulated Results
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Artificial Intelligence Empowered Models for UAVCommunications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Artificial Intelligence Are Revolutionizing Wildlife Monitoring and Conservation
5.2.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Agriculture
5.2.3 Fuzzy Logic Approach for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
5.2.4 Machine Learning and UAV
5.2.5 Robotics and UAV
5.2.6 Prospects of the Development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
5.2.7 Smart Agricultural Irrigation Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
5.2.8 Internet of Things (IOT)-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
5.3 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
6 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-Assisted UAV Cellular Communication
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Propagation Path Loss
6.2.1 Path Attenuation
6.2.2 Path Loss Due to Reflection
6.2.3 Path Loss Due to Diffraction
6.2.4 Channel Modeling
6.3 Propagation Models
6.3.1 Propagation Mechanism
6.3.2 Rural Area Propagation Model
6.3.3 Urban Area Propagation Model
6.3.4 Propagation Challenges
6.4 Channel Propagation Models
6.4.1 Basic MIMO Channel Propagation
6.4.2 Channel Model Requirement
6.4.3 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface
6.4.4 RIS-Assisted Wireless Communication
6.4.5 Channel Propagation Problem
6.5 Applications
6.5.1 Extended Coverage
6.5.2 Increased Capacity
6.5.3 Massive Multiple Access
6.5.4 Spectrum Sharing
6.6 Conclusion
Reference
7 Cell-Free Massive MIMO Architecture for UAV Cellular Communications
Abbreviation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Related Work
7.3 Cell-Free Massive MIMO
7.3.1 System Model of a Cell-Free Massive MIMO System
7.3.1.1 Uplink Pilot Training
7.3.1.2 Uplink Data Transmission
7.3.1.3 Downlink Pilot Training
7.3.1.4 Downlink Data Transmission
7.4 UAV Characteristics
7.5 UAV-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network
7.5.1 System Model of UAV-Assisted Cell-Free Massive MIMO Network
7.5.2 Propagation Model
7.5.3 Uplink Channel Estimation
7.5.4 The Communication Process
7.5.4.1 Uplink Training
7.5.4.2 Uplink Data Transmission
7.5.4.3 Downlink Data Transmission
7.5.5 Performance Analysis
7.5.5.1 Downlink Data Transmission: Lower and Upper SE Bounds
7.5.5.2 Uplink Data Transmission: Lower and Upper SE Bounds
7.6 Numerical Results and Discussion
7.7 Conclusion
7.7.1 Scope for Future Works
References
8 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle-Assisted Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface for Energy Efficient and ReliableCommunication
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Motivation
8.1.2 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO)
8.1.3 Multiuser MIMO
8.1.4 Massive MIMO
8.1.5 Spatial Modulation
8.2 Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS)
8.2.1 UAV-Assisted RIS
8.3 The Proposed UAV-Assisted RIS Schemes
8.3.1 Intelligent UAV-Assisted RIS Scheme
8.3.2 Blind UAV-Assisted RIS Scheme
8.4 Simulation Results and Discussions
8.5 Conclusion
8.5.1 Scope for Future Works
References
9 Blockchain Technology Enabling UAV Cellular Communications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Blockchain for Securing UAV Cellular Communications
9.2.1 UAV
9.2.2 Blockchain Technology
9.2.3 Blockchain Types
9.2.4 Blockchain Characteristics
9.2.5 Reference Model of Blockchain Architecture
9.3 Current Blockchain Solutions for Securing UAV Cellular Communication
9.4 Relevance and Roles of Blockchain in Securing UAV Cellular Communication
9.5 Blockchain-Based UAV Services
9.6 Challenges in UAV Networks
9.7 Future Research Directions in UAV
9.8 Conclusion
References
10 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communication Operating in Non-terrestrial Networks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Literature Review
10.2.1 Review of Related Work
10.2.2 History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
10.3 Materials and Method
10.3.1 Channel Model
10.3.2 Requirements for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication
10.3.2.1 Authentication and Authorization in UAV Communication
10.3.3 Signal Reception in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
10.3.4 Non-Terrestrial Network Model
10.3.5 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Model
10.3.6 5G New Radio (5G NR) Support for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
10.3.7 Multiple Antennas for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communication
10.3.7.1 Vertical Antenna Design
10.3.8 Capacity Analysis of Multiple Antenna Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
10.3.9 Bit Error Rate (BER) in Non-terrestrial Networks
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Design and Performance Issues in UAV Cellular Communications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Background on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
11.1.2 Wireless Technology Options for UAV Communication
11.1.3 Brief Description of Cellular Communication System
11.1.4 Cellular Communication Option for UAV
11.1.5 Chapter Contribution and Outline
11.2 Literature Review
11.2.1 UAVs in Cellular Communication System
11.2.1.1 UAV-Connected Cellular Communication
11.2.1.2 UAV-Assisted Cellular Communication
11.2.2 UAV Communication Requirements
11.2.3 UAV Link Types and Characteristics
11.2.4 UAV Communication Channel Model
11.2.4.1 Analysis of UAV Channel Model
11.2.4.2 Altitude/Angle-Dependent Channel Model
11.2.4.3 LoS Probability-Based Channel Models
11.2.5 Traditional Versus Next-Generation Cellular UAV Deployment
11.2.6 Unique Considerations in UAV Communication System Design
11.2.6.1 LoS Condition at High Altitude
11.2.6.2 UAV Three-Dimensional Operational Space
11.2.6.3 UAV-Ground Interference
11.2.6.4 Asymmetric Traffic Dimension (DL/UP)
11.2.6.5 High UAV Mobility
11.3 Design and Performance Issues in Cellular UAV Communication System
11.3.1 Design Standards and Regulations for UAV Communication
11.3.2 UAV Design and Performance Challenges
11.3.3 Size, Weight, and Power (SWAP) Design Issues
11.3.4 Energy Management Techniques for UAVs
11.3.4.1 Wireless Techniques for UAV Energy Replenishment
11.3.4.2 EMF-Based Energy Replenishment
11.3.4.3 Non-EMF Energy Replenishment
11.3.5 Performance Analysis in UAV Cellular Communication
11.3.6 UAV Communication Performance Optimization
11.3.6.1 Interference Detection and Mitigation Strategies
11.3.6.2 Other Performance Improvement Strategies
11.4 Case Study and Application
11.4.1 UAVs as Aerial Base Station
11.4.2 UAV as Aerial Relays
11.4.3 UAVs as Aerial Access Points
11.4.4 UAV for Wireless Charging of Sensors
11.5 UAV Channel Model Evaluation Using Clustered Delay Line Model with Ray-Tracing
11.6 Methodology
11.7 Result and Discussion
11.8 Conclusion with Future Research Scopes
11.8.1 Future Research Scopes
11.8.2 Conclusion
References
12 Evolution and Significance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
12.1 Introduction
12.2 History
12.2.1 Classification of UAVs
12.2.1.1 Size-Based Classification of UAVs
12.2.1.2 Design-Based Classification of UAVs
12.2.1.3 Application-Based Classification
12.3 Issues and Challenges in UAVs
12.4 Swarm UAVs
12.5 Internet of Drones
12.6 The Societal Roles and Relevance of UAV Cellular Communications
12.6.1 Societal Roles
12.6.2 Aerial-Based Classification
12.6.3 Organization-Based Classification Schemes
12.6.4 Applications-Based Classification Schemes
12.7 Public Safety Services with a Multilayer Infrastructure
12.8 Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
12.9 Drones: Challenges and Opportunities
12.9.1 Drones Route Optimization
12.9.2 Anonymity and Safety Challenges
12.9.3 Automation of Refuel Process
12.9.4 Recharging Automation in UAVs
12.9.5 Managing Swarms in UAVs
12.9.6 Channel Models: High-Frequency Bands
12.9.7 Massive MIMO
12.10 Conclusion
References
13 An Overview of Energy Consumptionfor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Cellular Communications
Acronyms
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Categorization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
13.1.2 Types of UAV
13.1.2.1 Multi-rotor Drones
13.1.2.2 Fixed-Wing Drone
13.1.2.3 Single-Rotor Helicopter Drones
13.1.2.4 Fixed-Wing Hybrid VTOL Drones
13.1.2.5 Factors Affecting UAV Energy Consumption Can Be Classified into Four Categories
13.1.3 The Framework of UAV
13.1.4 Contributions to Knowledge
13.1.5 Chapter Organization
13.2 The Evolution of UAV
13.2.1 Generations of UAV
13.2.2 Applications of UAV
13.2.2.1 General Application
13.2.2.2 Commercial
13.2.2.3 Warfare
13.2.2.4 Aerial Photography
13.2.2.5 Agriculture and Forestry
13.2.2.6 Law Enforcement
13.2.2.7 Cellular Communication
13.2.3 Parts of a UAV Design
13.2.3.1 The UAV Frame
13.2.3.2 Motors and Propellers
13.2.3.3 Battery
13.2.3.4 Electronic Speed Controller (ESC)
13.2.3.5 Microcontroller (MCU)
13.2.3.6 Gate Driver
13.2.4 The Octa-rotor UAV Configuration
13.2.4.1 Blade Element Momentum Theory
13.2.4.2 Power Analysis of Propulsion System
13.2.4.3 PWM Value and Throttle Percentage
13.3 The Future of Drone Technology
13.4 Challenges of UAV Design Technology
13.5 Conclusion
References
Index