University Physics with Modern Physics

Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Text Features
About the Authors
TO THE STUDENT: How to Succeed in Physics by Really Trying
TO THE INSTRUCTOR: Preface
Acknowledgments
Brief Contents
CONTENTS (with direct linking)
MECHANICS
1 UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES, AND VECTORS
1.1 The Nature of Physics
1.2 Solving Physics Problems
1.3 Standards and Units
1.4 Unit Consistency and Conversions
1.5 Uncertainty and Significant Figures
1.6 Estimates and Orders of Magnitude
1.7 Vectors and Vector Addition
1.8 Components of Vectors
1.9 Unit Vectors
1.10 Products of Vectors
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
2 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
2.1 Displacement, Time, and Average Velocity
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity
2.3 Average and Instantaneous Acceleration
2.4 Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.5 Freely Falling Bodies
2.6 Velocity and Position by Integration
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
3 MOTION IN TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS
3.1 Position and Velocity Vectors
3.2 The Acceleration Vector
3.3 Projectile Motion
3.4 Motion in a Circle
3.5 Relative Velocity
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
4 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
4.1 Force and Interactions
4.2 Newton’s First Law
4.3 Newton’s Second Law
4.4 Mass and Weight
4.5 Newton’s Third Law
4.6 Free-Body Diagrams
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
5 APPLYING NEWTON’S LAWS
5.1 Using Newton’s First Law: Particles in Equilibrium
5.2 Using Newton’s Second Law: Dynamics of Particles
5.3 Frictional Forces
5.4 Dynamics of Circular Motion
5.5 The Fundamental Forces of Nature
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
6 WORK AND KINETIC ENERGY
6.1 Work
6.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem
6.3 Work and Energy with Varying Forces
6.4 Power
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
7 POTENTIAL ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION
7.1 Gravitational Potential Energy
7.2 Elastic Potential Energy
7.3 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces
7.4 Force and Potential Energy
7.5 Energy Diagrams
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
8 MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS
8.1 Momentum and Impulse
8.2 Conservation of Momentum
8.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions
8.4 Elastic Collisions
8.5 Center of Mass
8.6 Rocket Propulsion
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
9 ROTATION OF RIGID BODIES
9.1 Angular Velocity and Acceleration
9.2 Rotation with Constant Angular Acceleration
9.3 Relating Linear and Angular Kinematics
9.4 Energy in Rotational Motion
9.5 Parallel-Axis Theorem
9.6 Moment-of-Inertia Calculations
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
10 DYNAMICS OF ROTATIONAL MOTION
10.1 Torque
10.2 Torque and Angular Acceleration for a Rigid Body
10.3 Rigid-Body Rotation About a Moving Axis
10.4 Work and Power in Rotational Motion
10.5 Angular Momentum
10.6 Conservation of Angular Momentum
10.7 Gyroscopes and Precession
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
11 EQUILIBRIUM AND ELASTICITY
11.1 Conditions for Equilibrium
11.2 Center of Gravity
11.3 Solving Rigid-Body Equilibrium Problems
11.4 Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
11.5 Elasticity and Plasticity
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
12 FLUID MECHANICS
12.1 Density
12.2 Pressure in a Fluid
12.3 Buoyancy
12.4 Fluid Flow
12.5 Bernoulli’s Equation
12.6 Viscosity and Turbulence
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
13 GRAVITATION
13.1 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
13.2 Weight
13.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
13.4 The Motion of Satellites
13.5 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
13.6 Spherical Mass Distributions
13.7 Apparent Weight and the Earth’s Rotation
13.8 Black Holes
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
14 PERIODIC MOTION
14.1 Describing Oscillation
14.2 Simple Harmonic Motion
14.3 Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion
14.4 Applications of Simple Harmonic Motion
14.5 The Simple Pendulum
14.6 The Physical Pendulum
14.7 Damped Oscillations
14.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
WAVES/ACOUSTICS
15 MECHANICAL WAVES
15.1 Types of Mechanical Waves
15.2 Periodic Waves
15.3 Mathematical Description of a Wave
15.4 Speed of a Transverse Wave
15.5 Energy in Wave Motion
15.6 Wave Interference, Boundary Conditions, and Superposition
15.7 Standing Waves on a String
15.8 Normal Modes of a String
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
16 SOUND AND HEARING
16.1 Sound Waves
16.2 Speed of Sound Waves
16.3 Sound Intensity
16.4 Standing Sound Waves and Normal Modes
16.5 Resonance and Sound
16.6 Interference of Waves
16.7 Beats
16.8 The Doppler Effect
16.9 Shock Waves
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
THERMODYNAMICS
17 TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
17.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
17.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
17.3 Gas Thermometers and the Kelvin Scale
17.4 Thermal Expansion
17.5 Quantity of Heat
17.6 Calorimetry and Phase Changes
17.7 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
18 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
18.1 Equations of State
18.2 Molecular Properties of Matter
18.3 Kinetic-Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas
18.4 Heat Capacities
18.5 Molecular Speeds
18.6 Phases of Matter
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
19 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
19.1 Thermodynamic Systems
19.2 Work Done During Volume Changes
19.3 Paths Between Thermodynamic States
19.4 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
19.5 Kinds of Thermodynamic Processes
19.6 Internal Energy of an Ideal Gas
19.7 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas
19.8 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
20 THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
20.1 Directions of Thermodynamic Processes
20.2 Heat Engines
20.3 Internal-Combustion Engines
20.4 Refrigerators
20.5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics
20.6 The Carnot Cycle
20.7 Entropy
20.8 Microscopic Interpretation of Entropy
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
ELECTROMAGNETISM
21 ELECTRIC CHARGE AND ELECTRIC FIELD
21.1 Electric Charge
21.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Induced Charges
21.3 Coulomb’s Law
21.4 Electric Field and Electric Forces
21.5 Electric-Field Calculations
21.6 Electric Field Lines
21.7 Electric Dipoles
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
22 GAUSS’S LAW
22.1 Charge and Electric Flux
22.2 Calculating Electric Flux
22.3 Gauss’s Law
22.4 Applications of Gauss’s Law
22.5 Charges on Conductors
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
23 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
23.1 Electric Potential Energy
23.2 Electric Potential
23.3 Calculating Electric Potential
23.4 Equipotential Surfaces
23.5 Potential Gradient
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
24 CAPACITANCE AND DIELECTRICS
24.1 Capacitors and Capacitance
24.2 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
24.3 Energy Storage in Capacitors and Electric-Field Energy
24.4 Dielectrics
24.5 Molecular Model of Induced Charge
24.6 Gauss’s Law in Dielectrics
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
25 CURRENT, RESISTANCE, AND ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE
25.1 Current
25.2 Resistivity
25.3 Resistance
25.4 Electromotive Force and Circuits
25.5 Energy and Power in Electric Circuits
25.6 Theory of Metallic Conduction
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
26 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS
26.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
26.2 Kirchhoff’s Rules
26.3 Electrical Measuring Instruments
26.4 R-C Circuits
26.5 Power Distribution Systems
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
27 MAGNETIC FIELD AND MAGNETIC FORCES
27.1 Magnetism
27.2 Magnetic Field
27.3 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic Flux
27.4 Motion of Charged Particles in a Magnetic Field
27.5 Applications of Motion of Charged Particles
27.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
27.7 Force and Torque on a Current Loop
27.8 The Direct-Current Motor
27.9 The Hall Effect
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
28 SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
28.1 Magnetic Field of a Moving Charge
28.2 Magnetic Field of a Current Element
28.3 Magnetic Field of a Straight Current-Carrying Conductor
28.4 Force Between Parallel Conductors
28.5 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current Loop
28.6 Ampere’s Law
28.7 Applications of Ampere’s Law
28.8 Magnetic Materials
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
29 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
29.1 Induction Experiments
29.2 Faraday’s Law
29.3 Lenz’s Law
29.4 Motional Electromotive Force
29.5 Induced Electric Fields
29.6 Eddy Currents
29.7 Displacement Current and Maxwell’s Equations
29.8 Superconductivity
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
30 INDUCTANCE
30.1 Mutual Inductance
30.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors
30.3 Magnetic-Field Energy
30.4 The R-L Circuit
30.5 The L-C Circuit
30.6 The L-R-C Series Circuit
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
31 ALTERNATING CURRENT
31.1 Phasors and Alternating Currents
31.2 Resistance and Reactance
31.3 The L-R-C Series Circuit
31.4 Power in Alternating-Current Circuits
31.5 Resonance in Alternating-Current Circuits
31.6 Transformers
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
32 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
32.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
32.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves and the Speed of Light
32.3 Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Waves
32.4 Energy and Momentum in Electromagnetic Waves
32.5 Standing Electromagnetic Waves
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
OPTICS
33 THE NATURE AND PROPAGATION OF LIGHT
33.1 The Nature of Light
33.2 Reflection and Refraction
33.3 Total Internal Reflection
33.4 Dispersion
33.5 Polarization
33.6 Scattering of Light
33.7 Huygens’s Principle
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
34 GEOMETRIC OPTICS
34.1 Reflection and Refraction at a Plane Surface
34.2 Reflection at a Spherical Surface
34.3 Refraction at a Spherical Surface
34.4 Thin Lenses
34.5 Cameras
34.6 The Eye
34.7 The Magnifier
34.8 Microscopes and Telescopes
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
35 INTERFERENCE
35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources
35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light
35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns
35.4 Interference in Thin Films
35.5 The Michelson Interferometer
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
36 DIFFRACTION
36.1 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction
36.2 Diffraction from a Single Slit
36.3 Intensity in the Single-Slit Pattern
36.4 Multiple Slits
36.5 The Diffraction Grating
36.6 X-Ray Diffraction
36.7 Circular Apertures and Resolving Power
36.8 Holography
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
MODERN PHYSICS
37 RELATIVITY
37.1 Invariance of Physical Laws
37.2 Relativity of Simultaneity
37.3 Relativity of Time Intervals
37.4 Relativity of Length
37.5 The Lorentz Transformations
37.6 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves
37.7 Relativistic Momentum
37.8 Relativistic Work and Energy
37.9 Newtonian Mechanics and Relativity
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
38 PHOTONS: LIGHT WAVES BEHAVING AS PARTICLES
38.1 Light Absorbed as Photons: The Photoelectric Effect
38.2 Light Emitted as Photons: X-Ray Production
38.3 Light Scattered as Photons: Compton Scattering and Pair Production
38.4 Wave–Particle Duality, Probability, and Uncertainty
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
39 PARTICLES BEHAVING AS WAVES
39.1 Electron Waves
39.2 The Nuclear Atom and Atomic Spectra
39.3 Energy Levels and the Bohr Model of the Atom
39.4 The Laser
39.5 Continuous Spectra
39.6 The Uncertainty Principle Revisited
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
40 QUANTUM MECHANICS
40.1 Wave Functions and the One-Dimensional Schrödinger Equation
40.2 Particle in a Box
40.3 Potential Wells
40.4 Potential Barriers and Tunneling
40.5 The Harmonic Oscillator
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
41 ATOMIC STRUCTURE
41.1 The Schrödinger Equation in Three Dimensions
41.2 Particle in a Three-Dimensional Box
41.3 The Hydrogen Atom
41.4 The Zeeman Effect
41.5 Electron Spin
41.6 Many-Electron Atoms and the Exclusion Principle
41.7 X-Ray Spectra
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
42 MOLECULES AND CONDENSED MATTER
42.1 Types of Molecular Bonds
42.2 Molecular Spectra
42.3 Structure of Solids
42.4 Energy Bands
42.5 Free-Electron Model of Metals
42.6 Semiconductors
42.7 Semiconductor Devices
42.8 Superconductivity
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
43 NUCLEAR PHYSICS
43.1 Properties of Nuclei
43.2 Nuclear Binding and Nuclear Structure
43.3 Nuclear Stability and Radioactivity
43.4 Activities and Half-Lives
43.5 Biological Effects of Radiation
43.6 Nuclear Reactions
43.7 Nuclear Fission
43.8 Nuclear Fusion
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
44 PARTICLE PHYSICS AND COSMOLOGY
44.1 Fundamental Particles—A History
44.2 Particle Accelerators and Detectors
44.3 Particles and Interactions
44.4 Quarks and the Eightfold Way
44.5 The Standard Model and Beyond
44.6 The Expanding Universe
44.7 The Beginning of Time
Summary
Questions/Exercises/Problems
APPENDICES
A: The International System of Units
B: Useful Mathematical Relations
C: The Greek Alphabet
D: Periodic Table of Elements
E: Unit Conversion Factors
F: Numerical Constants
ANSWER to Odd-Numbered Problems
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Photo Credits
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H-I
J-K-L
M
N-O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X-Y-Z
PhET Simulations
ActivPhysics Online Activities
Numerical Constants
Unit Conversion Factors