Underwater Acoustic Modelling and Simulation, Third Edition

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Author(s): Paul C. Etter
Edition: 3
Publisher: Spon Press
Year: 2003

Language: English
Pages: 447

Book Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 16
Preface to the second edition......Page 18
Preface to the first edition......Page 20
Acknowledgments......Page 22
Introduction......Page 24
Framework......Page 25
Measurements and prediction......Page 27
Developments in modeling......Page 29
Advances in simulation......Page 32
Operational challenges......Page 33
Naval operations......Page 34
Offshore industries......Page 36
Operational oceanography......Page 37
Inverse acoustic sensing of the oceans......Page 38
Standard definitions......Page 40
Acoustical oceanography......Page 42
Temperature distribution......Page 44
Salinity distribution......Page 45
Sound speed......Page 48
Sound-speed distribution......Page 51
Boundaries......Page 58
Ice cover......Page 61
Sea floor......Page 62
Dynamic features......Page 66
Mesoscale features......Page 67
Fine-scale features......Page 77
Biologics......Page 78
Propagation I: observations and physical models......Page 80
Nature of measurements......Page 81
Basic concepts......Page 82
Sea-surface boundary......Page 88
Forward scattering and reflection loss......Page 89
Image interference and frequency effects......Page 90
Turbidity and bubbles......Page 92
Ice interaction......Page 93
Measurements......Page 95
Forward scattering and reflection loss......Page 96
Interference and frequency effects......Page 101
Measurements......Page 102
Attenuation and absorption in sea water......Page 103
Surface ducts......Page 105
General propagation features......Page 108
Low-frequency cutoff......Page 111
Deep-sound channel......Page 114
Convergence zones......Page 116
Reliable acoustic path......Page 117
Arctic half-channel......Page 118
Coherence......Page 120
Propagation II: mathematical models (Part One)......Page 122
Theoretical basis for propagation modeling......Page 123
Classification of modeling techniques......Page 125
Ray-theory models......Page 126
Caustics......Page 129
Gaussian beam tracing......Page 130
Arrival structure......Page 132
Beam displacement......Page 134
Normal-mode models......Page 136
Normal-mode solution......Page 137
Dispersion effects......Page 139
Experimental measurements......Page 140
Range dependence......Page 141
High-frequency adaptations......Page 143
Multipath expansion models......Page 144
Fast-field models......Page 145
Parabolic equation models......Page 146
Basic theory......Page 147
Numerical techniques......Page 149
Wide-angle and 3D adaptations......Page 152
High-frequency adaptations......Page 153
The RAYMODE model a specific example......Page 154
Numerical model summaries......Page 158
Propagation II: mathematical models (Part Two)......Page 175
Wave-theory models......Page 177
Oceanographic mixed-layer models......Page 178
Shallow-water duct models......Page 181
Optimum frequency of propagation......Page 182
Numerical models......Page 185
Empirical models......Page 190
Arctic models......Page 195
Numerical models......Page 196
Empirical models......Page 197
Data support requirements......Page 199
Sound-speed profile synthesis......Page 200
Earth curvature corrections......Page 202
Merging techniques......Page 203
Stochastic modeling......Page 204
Broadband modeling......Page 205
Matched field processing......Page 206
Transmutation approaches......Page 208
Chaos......Page 209
Three-dimensional modeling......Page 210
Ocean fronts, eddies and internal waves......Page 211
Coupled ocean acoustic modeling......Page 216
Acoustic tomography......Page 217
Phase conjugation and time-reversal mirrors......Page 221
Noise I: observations and physical models......Page 223
Seismo-acoustic noise......Page 225
Shipping noise......Page 226
Bioacoustic noise......Page 228
Depth dependence......Page 232
Arctic ambient noise......Page 233
Acoustic daylight......Page 234
Geoacoustic inversion......Page 235
Noise II: mathematical models......Page 237
Ambient-noise models......Page 239
The RANDI model a specific example......Page 242
Recent developments......Page 244
The noise notch......Page 245
Beam-noise statistics models......Page 248
Data support requirements......Page 249
Numerical model summaries......Page 252
Reverberation I: observations and physical models......Page 255
Volume reverberation......Page 256
Deep scattering layer......Page 257
Vertical-scattering plumes......Page 258
Boundary reverberation......Page 259
Under-ice reverberation......Page 263
Inversion techniques......Page 266
Reverberation II: mathematical models......Page 267
Advanced developments......Page 270
Cell-scattering models......Page 271
Boundary-reverberation theory......Page 273
The REVMOD model a specific example......Page 274
Bistatic reverberation......Page 278
The bistatic acoustic model a specific example......Page 280
Point-scattering models......Page 282
The under-ice reverberation simulation model a specific example......Page 283
Numerical model summaries......Page 284
Sonar performance models......Page 287
Sonar equations......Page 288
The NISSM model a specific example......Page 293
Propagation......Page 294
Reverberation......Page 296
Target echo......Page 298
Signal-to-noise ratio......Page 299
Probability of detection......Page 300
Model operating systems......Page 304
System architecture......Page 305
Sonar modeling functions......Page 306
System usage......Page 309
The comprehensive acoustic system simulation a specific example......Page 310
Data sources and availability......Page 311
Numerical model summaries......Page 315
Model evaluation......Page 319
Past evaluation efforts......Page 320
Analytical benchmark solutions......Page 321
Quantitative accuracy assessments......Page 324
The POSSM experience a specific example......Page 325
Evaluation guidelines......Page 328
Verification......Page 330
Validity......Page 331
Usability......Page 332
Simulation......Page 336
Hierarchical levels......Page 337
Engineering......Page 338
Mission......Page 339
High-level architecture......Page 340
Testbeds......Page 341
Applications......Page 342
Systems engineering......Page 343
Operations analysis......Page 348
Training......Page 349
Abbreviations and acronyms......Page 351
Glossary of terms......Page 365
Websites......Page 374
References......Page 377
Author index......Page 426
Subject index......Page 438