Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Their Origins & Applications

Understanding Surveillance Technologies......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Table of Contents......Page 0
Acknowledgments......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
About the Author......Page 8
The Format of This Book......Page 9
Back Cover......Page 10
Section1. Introduction......Page 11
Introduction......Page 12
Price and Availability......Page 13
Political Openness......Page 14
Important Trends......Page 15
Legislative Considerations......Page 16
Responsibility and Social Evolution......Page 17
Types and Variations......Page 18
Context......Page 26
Origins and Evolution......Page 31
Scientific Input to Government......Page 34
Intelligence-Related Departments and Forensics......Page 35
War and Post-War Surveillance......Page 37
Prohibition......Page 38
The Age of Communications......Page 39
The Great Depression......Page 40
Responsibility for Security and Related Policies - The CIA and FBI......Page 43
Military Intelligence Acquires a Broader National Scope......Page 44
Post-War Prosperity and Baby-Boom Years......Page 45
Public Announcements, Cuba, and Cold War Fears......Page 46
The Establishment of Research and Technology Labs......Page 47
National Intelligence, and Personal Computers......Page 48
The 1970s - The Watergate Scandal......Page 49
The Birth of the Personal Computer......Page 50
Broadening Government Scope of Surveillance of U.S. Persons......Page 51
Evolution of the ARPANET and Network Addressing......Page 53
Counterintelligence Efforts......Page 54
Members of the Intelligence Community......Page 55
Late 1980s - Concerns About Personal and Computer Security......Page 58
s - Provisions for Privacy, ECHELON, and Public Concerns......Page 59
ECHELON Rumors and Privacy Constraints......Page 60
i. Mid-1990s - Terrorism, Upgrades, and International Smuggling......Page 61
Greater Awareness and The Struggle for Balance......Page 62
The Late 1990s - Reorganization, More Openness, More Surveillance......Page 63
The Internet, Global Surveillance, and Open-Source Information......Page 65
Selective Security......Page 66
Economic Espionage and ECHELON Revisited......Page 67
Interdepartmental Cooperation and Public Input......Page 68
Domestic and Foreign Concerns Regarding ECHELON......Page 69
Crime Scene Investigation......Page 70
Applications......Page 71
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 77
Implications of Use......Page 81
Resources......Page 82
Journals and Bulletins......Page 92
Glossary......Page 97
Section 2. Acoustic Surveillance......Page 101
Introduction......Page 102
The Phenomenon of Sound......Page 103
Sound Surveillance......Page 104
The Character of Sound......Page 105
Sound Conversion and Display......Page 106
Types and Variations......Page 107
Context......Page 111
Tapping Devices......Page 112
Origins and Evolution......Page 113
Eavesdropping - The Famous and the Infamous......Page 114
Inventions Leading to the Telephone......Page 120
The Early Development of Recording Devices......Page 121
Phonographic Recordings......Page 122
Regulation of Communications Technologies......Page 124
Public Officials and Charges of Wiretapping......Page 125
Global Developments......Page 127
Wiretapping Legislation in America......Page 128
Constitution Issues and Wiretapping......Page 129
Audio-Visual Developments......Page 130
Challenging the Olmstead Decision......Page 132
Post-War Developments in Technology......Page 134
Continued Controversy Over Government Wiretapping......Page 135
Miniaturization and Emerging Wireless Systems......Page 137
Opposition to Listening Devices......Page 138
Watergate and The Computer Age......Page 139
New Technologies and Common Carrier Obligations......Page 140
Bugs, Wiretapping, and Issues of Entrapment......Page 141
Surveillance and Civil Rights......Page 142
Issues of Privacy and Constitutional Rights......Page 143
Techies and Techie Toys......Page 145
Challenges for Law Enforcement......Page 147
The 1990s - Changeover to New Technologies......Page 148
Common Carrier Assistance Obligations......Page 149
The Late 1990s - Variation and Sophistication......Page 150
Increase in Wireless Telephony......Page 151
Wiretapping, Implementation, and Opposition......Page 152
Descriptions and Functions......Page 153
Microphones......Page 154
Parabolic Microphone......Page 156
Laser Listening Devices......Page 157
Amplifying Microphones......Page 158
Audio Recording Products......Page 159
Analog versus Digital Recorders......Page 160
Commercial Recorders......Page 161
Remote Monitoring through a Phone Line......Page 162
Basic Telephone Listening and Recording Devices......Page 163
Wiretapping Devices......Page 164
Audio Transmitters......Page 165
Video and Digital Recorders......Page 166
Who Gets Tapped?......Page 167
Detecting Bugs......Page 168
Wiretap Countermeasures......Page 170
Warning Signs......Page 171
Recording Times and Vulnerability......Page 173
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 174
Law Enforcement Monitoring of Calls......Page 177
Resources......Page 178
Articles......Page 183
Reports and Testimony......Page 184
Glossary......Page 187
Introduction......Page 191
Infrasound and Seismography......Page 193
The Sound ÎBarrierÌ......Page 194
Frequencies Used for Surveillance......Page 195
Context......Page 196
Industrial Testing and Safety......Page 197
Infrasonics and Early Seismologic Studies......Page 198
Ultrasonics - Early ÎReflectoscopesÌ......Page 199
Rail Expansion and Quality Control......Page 200
Display Technologies and Ultrasonics......Page 201
Nuclear Science and International Regulations......Page 202
Political Policies and Technology......Page 203
Global Monitoring......Page 204
Progress in Disarmament and International Monitoring......Page 205
Description and Functions......Page 207
Applications......Page 208
Weather and Disaster Prediction and Monitoring......Page 209
Grounds Security......Page 210
Weapons Detection......Page 211
Implications of Use......Page 212
Resources......Page 213
Articles......Page 214
Journals......Page 215
Glossary......Page 217
Introduction......Page 218
Typical Frequencies......Page 220
Types and Variations......Page 225
Sonar Imaging......Page 228
Context......Page 229
Detection......Page 230
Sonar Displays......Page 231
Origins and Evolution......Page 232
Understanding Sound......Page 233
The Beginnings of Sonar......Page 234
Underwater Mine and Submarine Warfare......Page 235
Post-War Developments......Page 237
World War II......Page 238
The ASW Patrol Ships and Destroyers......Page 239
The State of Sonar Technology......Page 241
Post-War and Cold War Sensing Applications......Page 242
Improved Diving and Acoustic Sensing......Page 243
Innovation and Disaster......Page 244
Deep-Submergence Craft......Page 245
The 1980s - Increasing Sophistication and Computerization......Page 246
Acoustic-Sensing Challenges......Page 247
Aircraft Wreckage Search, Rescue, and Recovery......Page 249
Acoustic Homing Sensors......Page 250
Satellite Communications......Page 251
Loudness......Page 252
Hull-Mounted Systems......Page 254
Remote-Controlled Vehicles......Page 255
Robots......Page 256
Applications......Page 257
Submarine Recovery......Page 262
Aircraft and Flight Recorder Location and Recovery......Page 263
Historic Artifacts Recovery......Page 265
Military Applications......Page 269
Problems and Limitations......Page 271
Waste Monitoring......Page 272
Resource Exploration, Conservation, and Management......Page 273
Implications of Use......Page 274
Resources......Page 275
Articles......Page 278
Journals......Page 280
Glossary......Page 283
Introduction......Page 286
Section 3. Electromagnetic......Page 285
Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 287
Context......Page 289
a. Distance Communications Through Wires......Page 290
b. Wireless Communications and the Birth of Radio......Page 299
c. Radio Broadcasting......Page 301
d. Modern Electronics......Page 310
Civilian Use of Radio Technologies......Page 314
b. Improving Security and Efficiency......Page 316
c. Radio Transmitters......Page 318
d. Radio Direction Finders......Page 319
e. Radio Receivers......Page 320
f. Satellite Communications......Page 321
g. Remote-Controlled Vehicles and Robots......Page 323
Applications......Page 325
Problems and Limitations......Page 330
Implications of Use......Page 331
Resources......Page 333
Glossary......Page 336
Introduction......Page 339
Radar Basics......Page 340
Surveillance Applications......Page 341
Types and Variations......Page 342
Variations......Page 343
Identification Systems......Page 345
Context......Page 346
Vector and Raster Displays......Page 348
Radar Ranging......Page 354
Radar Display Devices......Page 355
Military Development and Use of Radar......Page 356
Overseas Developments......Page 358
New Strategies for Warfare......Page 360
Aerial Early Warning Systems......Page 361
The Transistor Revolution......Page 362
Adding Radar to the Fleets......Page 363
The Establishment of Early Warning Systems......Page 364
Establishing Surveillance Systems......Page 365
Space Surveillance......Page 366
Technological Advancements......Page 367
Description and Functions......Page 369
Applications......Page 373
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 375
Earth Monitoring and Mapping......Page 376
Navigation......Page 378
Personal Navigation......Page 379
Projectile Detection and Guidance......Page 382
Mine detection......Page 383
Problems and Limitations......Page 386
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 389
Implications of Use......Page 390
Resources......Page 391
Articles......Page 393
Journals......Page 394
Glossary......Page 395
Introduction......Page 399
Representing Waves......Page 400
Units of Measure......Page 401
Infrared Radiation......Page 402
Units......Page 403
Categories......Page 405
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Detectors......Page 407
Cooled and Uncooled Detectors......Page 408
Ambient Radiation......Page 409
Interpretation of Infrared Data......Page 410
The Discovery of New Forms of Light......Page 411
The Emergence of Practical Applications and Accessories......Page 412
High Altitude Surveillance......Page 413
The 1970s - Commerce, Computers, and Science......Page 414
The 1980s - Improvements in Video and Color Technologies......Page 415
The 1990s - Improvements and Broader Applications......Page 416
Further Improvements in Technology......Page 417
Infrared Applications in the Space Program......Page 418
Late 1990s - Increased Sophistication and Commercialization......Page 419
Description and Functions......Page 420
Cameras......Page 421
Filters and Focusing......Page 422
Black and White Infrared Film......Page 423
Applications......Page 424
Night-Vision Scopes and Goggles......Page 425
Equipment and Accessories......Page 426
Infrared Spectrometers and Reflectometers......Page 427
Remote Control and Communications Devices......Page 435
Infrared Sounders......Page 436
Infrared Illumination and Thermal Imaging......Page 437
Reconnaissance Aircraft (Piloted)......Page 438
Problems and Limitations......Page 441
Resources......Page 442
Articles......Page 446
Journals......Page 447
Glossary......Page 448
Introduction......Page 451
Types and Variations......Page 457
Night vision......Page 458
Film Cameras......Page 460
Instant Cameras......Page 461
Digital Cameras......Page 462
Splitters/Multiplexers......Page 463
Image Processing......Page 464
Databases......Page 465
Environmental Suits......Page 466
Protective Vehicles and Stations......Page 468
Context......Page 473
The Impulse to Exchange Information......Page 474
The Development of Lenses......Page 475
Practical Viewing Devices......Page 476
New Forms of Optical Enhancements......Page 477
Modern Optical Manufacture......Page 478
Visual Recording Technologies......Page 479
Capturing a Moment in Time......Page 480
Surveillance Craft and Gear......Page 482
Surveillance from New Heights......Page 483
The Development of Image Transmission......Page 485
Image Broadcasting......Page 487
Visual Surveillance in Homes and Offices......Page 488
Digital Technologies......Page 489
International Compliance......Page 490
Scopes......Page 491
Curl......Page 494
Image and Data Processing......Page 495
Example Costs of Archiving......Page 497
Art Theft......Page 498
Explosives Detection and Disposal......Page 499
Public Areas Monitoring......Page 500
Border Patrol......Page 502
Domestic Help Monitoring......Page 503
Hazardous Area Monitoring......Page 504
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy......Page 505
Journalism......Page 506
Terrain Studies......Page 507
Operations Monitoring......Page 508
Aerial Surveillance......Page 509
Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement......Page 510
Pinhole Portable Video Cameras......Page 512
Specialized Cameras......Page 513
Time-Stamp Generators......Page 514
Intranet and Internet Remote Video Surveillance......Page 515
Digital Versus Analog Technologies......Page 516
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 517
Current Regulations......Page 518
Advanced Swivel-and-Zoom Capabilities and Voyeuristic Temptation......Page 519
Implications of Use......Page 522
News Surveillance......Page 524
Resources......Page 528
Articles......Page 530
Journals......Page 531
Feature Films......Page 535
Glossary......Page 536
Introduction......Page 538
The Shift in Power......Page 539
Wind-Lofted Craft......Page 540
Self-Powered Craft......Page 541
Military Reconnaissance......Page 542
Scientific Inquiry......Page 543
Commercial Applications......Page 544
The Early 1800s - Pioneer Photography and Aerial Photography......Page 545
An Official Balloon Reconnaissance Corps......Page 547
The Late-1800s - New Technologies and Chemistries......Page 548
The 1900s - The New Age of Flight......Page 549
The 1910s - Flying Machines and Consumer Cameras......Page 551
The 20s - Transatlantic Flight and the Lure of Outer Space......Page 553
The Î30s - Papparazzi, Pioneers, and Global Unrest......Page 554
War and Post-War......Page 555
The 1950s - The Postwar Boom and the Cold War Years......Page 556
The First Spy Planes......Page 557
The Beginnings of Space Surveillance......Page 558
CORONA......Page 559
The Î70s - Space Stations and Civilian Satellites......Page 560
The 1980s - Politics, Peace, and the Pressure to Commercialize......Page 561
The 1990s - Global Conflicts and the Commercial Sector......Page 562
Improving Aerial Photography and Resolution......Page 563
Commercial Competition and Image Servers......Page 564
The Old and the New......Page 565
Aerial and Satellite Technologies - Problems......Page 566
New Multinational and Humanitarian Projects......Page 567
Description and Functions......Page 568
Agriculture, Wildlife and Park Management......Page 571
Engineering and Construction......Page 572
Environmental......Page 573
Military Reconnaissance......Page 575
Marine Patrol......Page 577
Commercial Imaging Products......Page 578
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 579
Future Technologies......Page 580
Resources......Page 581
Journals......Page 585
Glossary......Page 588
Introduction......Page 591
Chemical Interactions......Page 593
Sources and Intensity of Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 594
Chemical Marking and Illumination......Page 595
Origins and Evolution......Page 596
UV Photos from Space......Page 600
Photos during Interplanetary Fly-bys......Page 602
Astronomical Research Using Ultraviolet......Page 604
Airborne Ultraviolet Sensing......Page 605
The Continued Evolution of Space Science......Page 606
The Increasing Importance of UV Sensing in Space......Page 607
Forensic Sciences......Page 608
Filters......Page 609
Flash and Illumination......Page 610
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 611
Industrial and Resource Sciences......Page 612
Fiber and Natural Substance Detection......Page 613
Astronomy and Cosmology - Ultraviolet-Sensing Satellites......Page 614
Flame Detectors......Page 618
Visibility......Page 620
Implications......Page 621
Resources......Page 622
Articles......Page 623
Journals......Page 625
Glossary......Page 627
Introduction......Page 628
Types/Variations......Page 629
Basic System Design......Page 630
Context......Page 631
Displays......Page 632
The Discovery of X-Rays......Page 633
Discovering the Properties of X-Rays......Page 634
The 20th Century - Practical Applications......Page 635
Space Science......Page 636
The 1990s - Transition to Digital......Page 637
s and 1990s Space Science......Page 638
Illegal Entry and Smuggling Concerns......Page 640
Microscopy......Page 641
Crystallography......Page 642
Industrial Fabrication and Testing......Page 643
Damage to Film from X-Ray Machines......Page 644
Mine Workers Surveillance......Page 645
Implications of Use......Page 646
Resources......Page 647
Journals......Page 648
Glossary......Page 650
Introduction......Page 652
Section 4. Biochemical......Page 651
Types and Variations......Page 653
Use and Abuse......Page 656
Early Regulations......Page 657
Disease and Warfare......Page 658
Chemical Warfare......Page 659
Prohibitions on Chemical Use......Page 660
The Control and Surveillance of Imports and Exports......Page 661
The 1970s - International Control of Disease, Arms, and Drugs......Page 662
The Mid-1990s - Treaties, Training, and Terrorism......Page 663
Certification and Countermeasures Programs......Page 664
Progress on Treaties......Page 665
International Affairs in 1998......Page 666
Terrorist Acts......Page 667
Industrial Spills......Page 668
Chemical Surveillance Measures......Page 669
Description and Functions......Page 670
Tapes and Samples......Page 671
Identifying Remains......Page 672
Paint Identification......Page 673
Arson and Explosives......Page 674
Narcotics......Page 675
Firearms Matching and Gun Residues......Page 676
Applications......Page 680
Computerized Analysis and Databanking Products......Page 686
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 687
Resources......Page 688
Articles......Page 692
Journals......Page 693
Glossary......Page 696
Introduction......Page 698
Types and Variations......Page 699
Mug Shots......Page 701
Modern Fingerprint Methods......Page 702
The 1980s - The Development and Testing of New Technologies......Page 703
The 1990s - Proliferation of Biometrics Systems......Page 704
The Motivation for Biometrics Surveillance......Page 705
Concerns About Privacy and the Potential Abuse of Data......Page 706
Description and Functions......Page 707
Inked and Inkless Systems......Page 708
Computer Analysis and Identification Systems......Page 709
Finger Imaging Recognition......Page 711
Face Recognition......Page 712
Multiple Features Recognition......Page 713
The Collection of Fingerprints......Page 714
Dusting Powders......Page 715
Latent Print Developers......Page 716
Forensic Identification of Fingerprints......Page 717
Protection of Personal Information......Page 718
Reduction of Boundaries and Database Errors......Page 719
Cost-Effective Deployment and Change of Use......Page 720
Resources......Page 721
Articles......Page 723
Journals......Page 725
Glossary......Page 727
Introduction......Page 728
Treatment of Animals as Indicators......Page 729
Canine Detectives......Page 730
Animal Use in Research and Testing......Page 731
Research of Animal Physiology and Behavior......Page 732
Animal Assistants......Page 733
Seeing-Eye Dogs......Page 734
Dogs in War......Page 735
Animals in Early Space Research......Page 736
The Mid-1980s - Health Care, Arson, and Transportation Security......Page 737
Bee Studies......Page 738
Description and Functions......Page 739
Selecting a Dog Breed......Page 740
Dolphins......Page 741
Search and Rescue......Page 742
Accelerant, Explosives, and Firearms Sniffing......Page 743
Food Substance Sniffing......Page 745
Wildlife Detection......Page 748
Underwater Surveillance......Page 749
Service Animal Protection......Page 751
Individual Temperament and Intelligence......Page 752
Animal Rights......Page 753
Resources......Page 754
Articles......Page 756
Journals......Page 757
Glossary......Page 758
Introduction......Page 760
Using DNA......Page 762
Types/Variations......Page 764
Context......Page 767
Assessing Samples......Page 768
Southern Blot......Page 769
Origins and Evolution......Page 770
Understanding Cell Structure......Page 772
Charting Cell Structure and Exploring its Functions......Page 773
New Theories and Procedures to Understand Heritability......Page 774
Cell Division and Fertilization......Page 775
The Rise of Modern Genetics......Page 776
Genetics and Gene Mapping......Page 777
Genetics Development and Social Impact......Page 778
Visualizing and Modeling DNA......Page 779
Laboratory Tools and Manipulation of DNA......Page 780
The Human Genome Project - HGP......Page 781
Consumer Access and Awareness......Page 783
Commercializing a Genetic Heritage......Page 784
Description and Functions......Page 785
Body Fluids......Page 786
Bones and Teeth......Page 787
Law Enforcement......Page 793
Breeding and Wildlife Conservation and Management......Page 794
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 795
Tracking and Identification......Page 796
Service Member Remains Identification......Page 797
Identifying Political or Murder Victim Remains......Page 798
Child Abductions......Page 800
Familial or Pedigree Testing......Page 801
Sampling......Page 802
Storage......Page 803
Discrimination......Page 804
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 805
National Legislative Concerns......Page 806
United States......Page 807
International Organizations......Page 808
State Legislative Concerns......Page 809
Accessibility......Page 810
Applications......Page 811
Freedom and Privacy......Page 812
Resources......Page 814
Journals......Page 822
Glossary......Page 824
Section 5. Miscellaneous......Page 825
Introduction......Page 826
Types and Variations......Page 827
Magnetic Surveillance Strips......Page 829
Detection of Magnetic Materials......Page 830
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 831
Detection and Common Sense......Page 832
The 1700s and 1800s - Progress in Understanding Magnetism......Page 833
Pioneer Work in Magnetic Resonance......Page 834
The Evolution of Electronics......Page 835
Smart Cards......Page 836
Space Science......Page 837
Magnetometers......Page 838
Data Cards......Page 839
Magnetic Cards......Page 840
EAS......Page 841
Types of EAS Systems......Page 842
Access Monitoring and Data Tracking......Page 843
Detection of Land Mines and Bomblets......Page 844
Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 845
Geophysical Sciences and Site Surveys......Page 846
Shock Wave Detection and Research......Page 847
Magnetic Interference......Page 848
Detection Speed and Processing......Page 849
Implications of Use......Page 850
Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 851
The Monitoring of Employees......Page 852
Resources......Page 853
Articles......Page 854
Journals......Page 855
Glossary......Page 857
Introduction......Page 859
Types and Variations......Page 860
Invisible Ink......Page 861
Decoding Methods......Page 862
Origins and Evolution......Page 864
The Elizabethan Age and Beyond......Page 866
Technology and Cryptology......Page 867
World War I......Page 871
America After World War I......Page 873
The War on the British Front......Page 874
Computers, Electronics, and Cryptology......Page 875
Transfers of Regulatory Authority......Page 876
EncryptionÌs Soft Underbelly......Page 877
Export Regulations Adjustments......Page 878
Description and Functions......Page 879
Cryptanalysis Strategy......Page 880
Data Encryption Approaches......Page 881
The Human Element......Page 884
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 885
Implications of Use......Page 886
Resources......Page 887
Articles......Page 889
Journals......Page 890
Glossary......Page 892
Introduction......Page 894
Information Sources......Page 895
Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 896
The Internet Versus The Web......Page 897
Search in the Broader Context......Page 898
Using Good Tools......Page 900
Privacy, Security, and Anonymity......Page 901
The Context of the Internet......Page 902
Language Considerations......Page 903
Surveillance in the Context of the Workplace......Page 904
Development of Electronics......Page 906
The Early History of Practical Computers......Page 907
The Birth of Computer Networks......Page 909
Microcomputer Electronics......Page 910
Audio/Video Integration with Computer Processing......Page 911
Description and Functions......Page 912
Computer Spy Systems......Page 915
Computer Database Systems......Page 916
Problems and Limitations......Page 917
Workplace Surveillance with Computers......Page 918
Data Mining and Personal Privacy......Page 919
Public Sales of ÎPrivateÌ Information......Page 920
Resources......Page 921
Articles......Page 922
Journals......Page 923
Glossary......Page 924