Understanding Surveillance Technologies: Spy Devices, Their Origins & Applications

Understanding Surveillance Technologies......Page 1
Copyright Info
......Page 3
CONTENTS......Page 4
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 6
ABOUT THE AUTHOR......Page 8
THE FORMAT OF THIS BOOK......Page 9
Section1. Introduction......Page 10
Introduction......Page 11
Price and Availability......Page 12
Political Openness......Page 13
Important Trends......Page 14
Legislative Considerations......Page 15
Responsibility and Social Evolution......Page 16
Types and Variations......Page 17
Context......Page 25
Origins and Evolution......Page 30
Scientific Input to Government......Page 33
Intelligence-Related Departments and Forensics......Page 34
War and Post-War Surveillance......Page 36
Prohibition......Page 37
The Age of Communications......Page 38
The Great Depression......Page 39
Responsibility for Security and Related Policies - The CIA and FBI......Page 42
Military Intelligence Acquires a Broader National Scope......Page 43
Post-War Prosperity and Baby-Boom Years......Page 44
Public Announcements, Cuba, and Cold War Fears......Page 45
The Establishment of Research and Technology Labs......Page 46
National Intelligence, and Personal Computers......Page 47
The 1970s - The Watergate Scandal......Page 48
The Birth of the Personal Computer......Page 49
Broadening Government Scope of Surveillance of U.S. Persons......Page 50
Evolution of the ARPANET and Network Addressing......Page 52
Counterintelligence Efforts......Page 53
Members of the Intelligence Community......Page 54
Late 1980s - Concerns About Personal and Computer Security......Page 57
s - Provisions for Privacy, ECHELON, and Public Concerns......Page 58
ECHELON Rumors and Privacy Constraints......Page 59
i. Mid-1990s - Terrorism, Upgrades, and International Smuggling......Page 60
Greater Awareness and The Struggle for Balance......Page 61
The Late 1990s - Reorganization, More Openness, More Surveillance......Page 62
The Internet, Global Surveillance, and Open-Source Information......Page 64
Selective Security......Page 65
Economic Espionage and ECHELON Revisited......Page 66
Interdepartmental Cooperation and Public Input......Page 67
Domestic and Foreign Concerns Regarding ECHELON......Page 68
Crime Scene Investigation......Page 69
Applications......Page 70
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 76
Implications of Use......Page 80
Resources......Page 81
Journals and Bulletins......Page 91
Glossary......Page 96
Section 2. Acoustic Surveillance......Page 100
Introduction......Page 101
The Phenomenon of Sound......Page 102
Sound Surveillance......Page 103
The Character of Sound......Page 104
Sound Conversion and Display......Page 105
Types and Variations......Page 106
Context......Page 110
Tapping Devices......Page 111
Origins and Evolution......Page 112
Eavesdropping - The Famous and the Infamous......Page 113
Inventions Leading to the Telephone......Page 119
The Early Development of Recording Devices......Page 120
Phonographic Recordings......Page 121
Regulation of Communications Technologies......Page 123
Public Officials and Charges of Wiretapping......Page 124
Global Developments......Page 126
Wiretapping Legislation in America......Page 127
Constitution Issues and Wiretapping......Page 128
Audio-Visual Developments......Page 129
Challenging the Olmstead Decision......Page 131
Post-War Developments in Technology......Page 133
Continued Controversy Over Government Wiretapping......Page 134
Miniaturization and Emerging Wireless Systems......Page 136
Opposition to Listening Devices......Page 137
Watergate and The Computer Age......Page 138
New Technologies and Common Carrier Obligations......Page 139
Bugs, Wiretapping, and Issues of Entrapment......Page 140
Surveillance and Civil Rights......Page 141
Issues of Privacy and Constitutional Rights......Page 142
Techies and Techie Toys......Page 144
Challenges for Law Enforcement......Page 146
The 1990s - Changeover to New Technologies......Page 147
Common Carrier Assistance Obligations......Page 148
The Late 1990s - Variation and Sophistication......Page 149
Increase in Wireless Telephony......Page 150
Wiretapping, Implementation, and Opposition......Page 151
Descriptions and Functions......Page 152
Microphones......Page 153
Parabolic Microphone......Page 155
Laser Listening Devices......Page 156
Amplifying Microphones......Page 157
Audio Recording Products......Page 158
Analog versus Digital Recorders......Page 159
Commercial Recorders......Page 160
Remote Monitoring through a Phone Line......Page 161
Basic Telephone Listening and Recording Devices......Page 162
Wiretapping Devices......Page 163
Audio Transmitters......Page 164
Video and Digital Recorders......Page 165
Who Gets Tapped?......Page 166
Detecting Bugs......Page 167
Wiretap Countermeasures......Page 169
Warning Signs......Page 170
Recording Times and Vulnerability......Page 172
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 173
Law Enforcement Monitoring of Calls......Page 176
Resources......Page 177
Articles......Page 182
Reports and Testimony......Page 183
Glossary......Page 186
Introduction......Page 190
Infrasound and Seismography......Page 192
The Sound ÎBarrierÌ......Page 193
Frequencies Used for Surveillance......Page 194
Context......Page 195
Industrial Testing and Safety......Page 196
Infrasonics and Early Seismologic Studies......Page 197
Ultrasonics - Early ÎReflectoscopesÌ......Page 198
Rail Expansion and Quality Control......Page 199
Display Technologies and Ultrasonics......Page 200
Nuclear Science and International Regulations......Page 201
Political Policies and Technology......Page 202
Global Monitoring......Page 203
Progress in Disarmament and International Monitoring......Page 204
Description and Functions......Page 206
Applications......Page 207
Weather and Disaster Prediction and Monitoring......Page 208
Grounds Security......Page 209
Weapons Detection......Page 210
Implications of Use......Page 211
Resources......Page 212
Articles......Page 213
Journals......Page 214
Glossary......Page 216
Introduction......Page 217
Typical Frequencies......Page 219
Types and Variations......Page 224
Sonar Imaging......Page 227
Context......Page 228
Detection......Page 229
Sonar Displays......Page 230
Origins and Evolution......Page 231
Understanding Sound......Page 232
The Beginnings of Sonar......Page 233
Underwater Mine and Submarine Warfare......Page 234
Post-War Developments......Page 236
World War II......Page 237
The ASW Patrol Ships and Destroyers......Page 238
The State of Sonar Technology......Page 240
Post-War and Cold War Sensing Applications......Page 241
Improved Diving and Acoustic Sensing......Page 242
Innovation and Disaster......Page 243
Deep-Submergence Craft......Page 244
The 1980s - Increasing Sophistication and Computerization......Page 245
Acoustic-Sensing Challenges......Page 246
Aircraft Wreckage Search, Rescue, and Recovery......Page 248
Acoustic Homing Sensors......Page 249
Satellite Communications......Page 250
Loudness......Page 251
Hull-Mounted Systems......Page 253
Remote-Controlled Vehicles......Page 254
Robots......Page 255
Applications......Page 256
Submarine Recovery......Page 261
Aircraft and Flight Recorder Location and Recovery......Page 262
Historic Artifacts Recovery......Page 264
Military Applications......Page 268
Problems and Limitations......Page 270
Waste Monitoring......Page 271
Resource Exploration, Conservation, and Management......Page 272
Implications of Use......Page 273
Resources......Page 274
Articles......Page 277
Journals......Page 279
Glossary......Page 282
Section 3. Electromagnetic......Page 284
Introduction......Page 285
Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 286
Context......Page 288
a. Distance Communications Through Wires......Page 289
b. Wireless Communications and the Birth of Radio......Page 298
c. Radio Broadcasting......Page 300
d. Modern Electronics......Page 309
Civilian Use of Radio Technologies......Page 313
b. Improving Security and Efficiency......Page 315
c. Radio Transmitters......Page 317
d. Radio Direction Finders......Page 318
e. Radio Receivers......Page 319
f. Satellite Communications......Page 320
g. Remote-Controlled Vehicles and Robots......Page 322
Applications......Page 324
Problems and Limitations......Page 329
Implications of Use......Page 330
Resources......Page 332
Glossary......Page 335
Introduction......Page 338
Radar Basics......Page 339
Surveillance Applications......Page 340
Types and Variations......Page 341
Variations......Page 342
Identification Systems......Page 344
Context......Page 345
Vector and Raster Displays......Page 347
Radar Ranging......Page 353
Radar Display Devices......Page 354
Military Development and Use of Radar......Page 355
Overseas Developments......Page 357
New Strategies for Warfare......Page 359
Aerial Early Warning Systems......Page 360
The Transistor Revolution......Page 361
Adding Radar to the Fleets......Page 362
The Establishment of Early Warning Systems......Page 363
Establishing Surveillance Systems......Page 364
Space Surveillance......Page 365
Technological Advancements......Page 366
Description and Functions......Page 368
Applications......Page 372
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 374
Earth Monitoring and Mapping......Page 375
Navigation......Page 377
Personal Navigation......Page 378
Projectile Detection and Guidance......Page 381
Mine detection......Page 382
Problems and Limitations......Page 385
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 388
Implications of Use......Page 389
Resources......Page 390
Articles......Page 392
Journals......Page 393
Glossary......Page 394
Introduction......Page 398
Representing Waves......Page 399
Units of Measure......Page 400
Infrared Radiation......Page 401
Units......Page 402
Categories......Page 404
Extrinsic and Intrinsic Detectors......Page 406
Cooled and Uncooled Detectors......Page 407
Ambient Radiation......Page 408
Interpretation of Infrared Data......Page 409
The Discovery of New Forms of Light......Page 410
The Emergence of Practical Applications and Accessories......Page 411
High Altitude Surveillance......Page 412
The 1970s - Commerce, Computers, and Science......Page 413
The 1980s - Improvements in Video and Color Technologies......Page 414
The 1990s - Improvements and Broader Applications......Page 415
Further Improvements in Technology......Page 416
Infrared Applications in the Space Program......Page 417
Late 1990s - Increased Sophistication and Commercialization......Page 418
Description and Functions......Page 419
Cameras......Page 420
Filters and Focusing......Page 421
Black and White Infrared Film......Page 422
Applications......Page 423
Night-Vision Scopes and Goggles......Page 424
Equipment and Accessories......Page 425
Infrared Spectrometers and Reflectometers......Page 426
Remote Control and Communications Devices......Page 434
Infrared Sounders......Page 435
Infrared Illumination and Thermal Imaging......Page 436
Reconnaissance Aircraft (Piloted)......Page 437
Problems and Limitations......Page 440
Resources......Page 441
Articles......Page 445
Journals......Page 446
Glossary......Page 447
Introduction......Page 450
Types and Variations......Page 456
Night vision......Page 457
Film Cameras......Page 459
Instant Cameras......Page 460
Digital Cameras......Page 461
Splitters/Multiplexers......Page 462
Image Processing......Page 463
Databases......Page 464
Environmental Suits......Page 465
Protective Vehicles and Stations......Page 467
Context......Page 472
The Impulse to Exchange Information......Page 473
The Development of Lenses......Page 474
Practical Viewing Devices......Page 475
New Forms of Optical Enhancements......Page 476
Modern Optical Manufacture......Page 477
Visual Recording Technologies......Page 478
Capturing a Moment in Time......Page 479
Surveillance Craft and Gear......Page 481
Surveillance from New Heights......Page 482
The Development of Image Transmission......Page 484
Image Broadcasting......Page 486
Visual Surveillance in Homes and Offices......Page 487
Digital Technologies......Page 488
International Compliance......Page 489
Scopes......Page 490
Curl......Page 493
Image and Data Processing......Page 494
Example Costs of Archiving......Page 496
Art Theft......Page 497
Explosives Detection and Disposal......Page 498
Public Areas Monitoring......Page 499
Border Patrol......Page 501
Domestic Help Monitoring......Page 502
Hazardous Area Monitoring......Page 503
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy......Page 504
Journalism......Page 505
Terrain Studies......Page 506
Operations Monitoring......Page 507
Aerial Surveillance......Page 508
Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement......Page 509
Pinhole Portable Video Cameras......Page 511
Specialized Cameras......Page 512
Time-Stamp Generators......Page 513
Intranet and Internet Remote Video Surveillance......Page 514
Digital Versus Analog Technologies......Page 515
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 516
Current Regulations......Page 517
Advanced Swivel-and-Zoom Capabilities and Voyeuristic Temptation......Page 518
Implications of Use......Page 521
News Surveillance......Page 523
Resources......Page 527
Articles......Page 529
Journals......Page 530
Feature Films......Page 534
Glossary......Page 535
Introduction......Page 537
The Shift in Power......Page 538
Wind-Lofted Craft......Page 539
Self-Powered Craft......Page 540
Military Reconnaissance......Page 541
Scientific Inquiry......Page 542
Commercial Applications......Page 543
The Early 1800s - Pioneer Photography and Aerial Photography......Page 544
An Official Balloon Reconnaissance Corps......Page 546
The Late-1800s - New Technologies and Chemistries......Page 547
The 1900s - The New Age of Flight......Page 548
The 1910s - Flying Machines and Consumer Cameras......Page 550
The 20s - Transatlantic Flight and the Lure of Outer Space......Page 552
The Î30s - Papparazzi, Pioneers, and Global Unrest......Page 553
War and Post-War......Page 554
The 1950s - The Postwar Boom and the Cold War Years......Page 555
The First Spy Planes......Page 556
The Beginnings of Space Surveillance......Page 557
CORONA......Page 558
The Î70s - Space Stations and Civilian Satellites......Page 559
The 1980s - Politics, Peace, and the Pressure to Commercialize......Page 560
The 1990s - Global Conflicts and the Commercial Sector......Page 561
Improving Aerial Photography and Resolution......Page 562
Commercial Competition and Image Servers......Page 563
The Old and the New......Page 564
Aerial and Satellite Technologies - Problems......Page 565
New Multinational and Humanitarian Projects......Page 566
Description and Functions......Page 567
Agriculture, Wildlife and Park Management......Page 570
Engineering and Construction......Page 571
Environmental......Page 572
Military Reconnaissance......Page 574
Marine Patrol......Page 576
Commercial Imaging Products......Page 577
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 578
Future Technologies......Page 579
Resources......Page 580
Journals......Page 584
Glossary......Page 587
Introduction......Page 590
Chemical Interactions......Page 592
Sources and Intensity of Ultraviolet Radiation......Page 593
Chemical Marking and Illumination......Page 594
Origins and Evolution......Page 595
UV Photos from Space......Page 599
Photos during Interplanetary Fly-bys......Page 601
Astronomical Research Using Ultraviolet......Page 603
Airborne Ultraviolet Sensing......Page 604
The Continued Evolution of Space Science......Page 605
The Increasing Importance of UV Sensing in Space......Page 606
Forensic Sciences......Page 607
Filters......Page 608
Flash and Illumination......Page 609
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 610
Industrial and Resource Sciences......Page 611
Fiber and Natural Substance Detection......Page 612
Astronomy and Cosmology - Ultraviolet-Sensing Satellites......Page 613
Flame Detectors......Page 617
Visibility......Page 619
Implications......Page 620
Resources......Page 621
Articles......Page 622
Journals......Page 624
Glossary......Page 626
Introduction......Page 627
Types/Variations......Page 628
Basic System Design......Page 629
Context......Page 630
Displays......Page 631
The Discovery of X-Rays......Page 632
Discovering the Properties of X-Rays......Page 633
The 20th Century - Practical Applications......Page 634
Space Science......Page 635
The 1990s - Transition to Digital......Page 636
s and 1990s Space Science......Page 637
Illegal Entry and Smuggling Concerns......Page 639
Microscopy......Page 640
Crystallography......Page 641
Industrial Fabrication and Testing......Page 642
Damage to Film from X-Ray Machines......Page 643
Mine Workers Surveillance......Page 644
Implications of Use......Page 645
Resources......Page 646
Journals......Page 647
Glossary......Page 649
Section 4. Biochemical......Page 650
Introduction......Page 651
Types and Variations......Page 652
Use and Abuse......Page 655
Early Regulations......Page 656
Disease and Warfare......Page 657
Chemical Warfare......Page 658
Prohibitions on Chemical Use......Page 659
The Control and Surveillance of Imports and Exports......Page 660
The 1970s - International Control of Disease, Arms, and Drugs......Page 661
The Mid-1990s - Treaties, Training, and Terrorism......Page 662
Certification and Countermeasures Programs......Page 663
Progress on Treaties......Page 664
International Affairs in 1998......Page 665
Terrorist Acts......Page 666
Industrial Spills......Page 667
Chemical Surveillance Measures......Page 668
Description and Functions......Page 669
Tapes and Samples......Page 670
Identifying Remains......Page 671
Paint Identification......Page 672
Arson and Explosives......Page 673
Narcotics......Page 674
Firearms Matching and Gun Residues......Page 675
Applications......Page 679
Computerized Analysis and Databanking Products......Page 685
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 686
Resources......Page 687
Articles......Page 691
Journals......Page 692
Glossary......Page 695
Introduction......Page 697
Types and Variations......Page 698
Mug Shots......Page 700
Modern Fingerprint Methods......Page 701
The 1980s - The Development and Testing of New Technologies......Page 702
The 1990s - Proliferation of Biometrics Systems......Page 703
The Motivation for Biometrics Surveillance......Page 704
Concerns About Privacy and the Potential Abuse of Data......Page 705
Description and Functions......Page 706
Inked and Inkless Systems......Page 707
Computer Analysis and Identification Systems......Page 708
Finger Imaging Recognition......Page 710
Face Recognition......Page 711
Multiple Features Recognition......Page 712
The Collection of Fingerprints......Page 713
Dusting Powders......Page 714
Latent Print Developers......Page 715
Forensic Identification of Fingerprints......Page 716
Protection of Personal Information......Page 717
Reduction of Boundaries and Database Errors......Page 718
Cost-Effective Deployment and Change of Use......Page 719
Resources......Page 720
Articles......Page 722
Journals......Page 724
Glossary......Page 726
Introduction......Page 727
Treatment of Animals as Indicators......Page 728
Canine Detectives......Page 729
Animal Use in Research and Testing......Page 730
Research of Animal Physiology and Behavior......Page 731
Animal Assistants......Page 732
Seeing-Eye Dogs......Page 733
Dogs in War......Page 734
Animals in Early Space Research......Page 735
The Mid-1980s - Health Care, Arson, and Transportation Security......Page 736
Bee Studies......Page 737
Description and Functions......Page 738
Selecting a Dog Breed......Page 739
Dolphins......Page 740
Search and Rescue......Page 741
Accelerant, Explosives, and Firearms Sniffing......Page 742
Food Substance Sniffing......Page 744
Wildlife Detection......Page 747
Underwater Surveillance......Page 748
Service Animal Protection......Page 750
Individual Temperament and Intelligence......Page 751
Animal Rights......Page 752
Resources......Page 753
Articles......Page 755
Journals......Page 756
Glossary......Page 757
Introduction......Page 759
Using DNA......Page 761
Types/Variations......Page 763
Context......Page 766
Assessing Samples......Page 767
Southern Blot......Page 768
Origins and Evolution......Page 769
Understanding Cell Structure......Page 771
Charting Cell Structure and Exploring its Functions......Page 772
New Theories and Procedures to Understand Heritability......Page 773
Cell Division and Fertilization......Page 774
The Rise of Modern Genetics......Page 775
Genetics and Gene Mapping......Page 776
Genetics Development and Social Impact......Page 777
Visualizing and Modeling DNA......Page 778
Laboratory Tools and Manipulation of DNA......Page 779
The Human Genome Project - HGP......Page 780
Consumer Access and Awareness......Page 782
Commercializing a Genetic Heritage......Page 783
Description and Functions......Page 784
Body Fluids......Page 785
Bones and Teeth......Page 786
Law Enforcement......Page 792
Breeding and Wildlife Conservation and Management......Page 793
Archaeology and Anthropology......Page 794
Tracking and Identification......Page 795
Service Member Remains Identification......Page 796
Identifying Political or Murder Victim Remains......Page 797
Child Abductions......Page 799
Familial or Pedigree Testing......Page 800
Sampling......Page 801
Storage......Page 802
Discrimination......Page 803
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 804
National Legislative Concerns......Page 805
United States......Page 806
International Organizations......Page 807
State Legislative Concerns......Page 808
Accessibility......Page 809
Applications......Page 810
Freedom and Privacy......Page 811
Resources......Page 813
Journals......Page 821
Glossary......Page 823
Section 5. Miscellaneous......Page 824
Introduction......Page 825
Types and Variations......Page 826
Magnetic Surveillance Strips......Page 828
Detection of Magnetic Materials......Page 829
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 830
Detection and Common Sense......Page 831
The 1700s and 1800s - Progress in Understanding Magnetism......Page 832
Pioneer Work in Magnetic Resonance......Page 833
The Evolution of Electronics......Page 834
Smart Cards......Page 835
Space Science......Page 836
Magnetometers......Page 837
Data Cards......Page 838
Magnetic Cards......Page 839
EAS......Page 840
Types of EAS Systems......Page 841
Access Monitoring and Data Tracking......Page 842
Detection of Land Mines and Bomblets......Page 843
Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 844
Geophysical Sciences and Site Surveys......Page 845
Shock Wave Detection and Research......Page 846
Magnetic Interference......Page 847
Detection Speed and Processing......Page 848
Implications of Use......Page 849
Electronic Article Surveillance......Page 850
The Monitoring of Employees......Page 851
Resources......Page 852
Articles......Page 853
Journals......Page 854
Glossary......Page 856
Introduction......Page 858
Types and Variations......Page 859
Invisible Ink......Page 860
Decoding Methods......Page 861
Origins and Evolution......Page 863
The Elizabethan Age and Beyond......Page 865
Technology and Cryptology......Page 866
World War I......Page 870
America After World War I......Page 872
The War on the British Front......Page 873
Computers, Electronics, and Cryptology......Page 874
Transfers of Regulatory Authority......Page 875
EncryptionÌs Soft Underbelly......Page 876
Export Regulations Adjustments......Page 877
Description and Functions......Page 878
Cryptanalysis Strategy......Page 879
Data Encryption Approaches......Page 880
The Human Element......Page 883
Restrictions and Regulations......Page 884
Implications of Use......Page 885
Resources......Page 886
Articles......Page 888
Journals......Page 889
Glossary......Page 891
Introduction......Page 893
Information Sources......Page 894
Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 895
The Internet Versus The Web......Page 896
Search in the Broader Context......Page 897
Using Good Tools......Page 899
Privacy, Security, and Anonymity......Page 900
The Context of the Internet......Page 901
Language Considerations......Page 902
Surveillance in the Context of the Workplace......Page 903
Development of Electronics......Page 905
The Early History of Practical Computers......Page 906
The Birth of Computer Networks......Page 908
Microcomputer Electronics......Page 909
Audio/Video Integration with Computer Processing......Page 910
Description and Functions......Page 911
Computer Spy Systems......Page 914
Computer Database Systems......Page 915
Problems and Limitations......Page 916
Workplace Surveillance with Computers......Page 917
Data Mining and Personal Privacy......Page 918
Public Sales of ÎPrivateÌ Information......Page 919
Resources......Page 920
Articles......Page 921
Journals......Page 922
Glossary......Page 923