Keeping the mathematics to a minimum yet losing none of the required rigor, Understanding Solid State Physics, Second Edition clearly explains basic physics principles to provide a firm grounding in the subject. This new edition has been fully updated throughout, with recent developments and literature in the field, including graphene and the use of quasicrystalline materials, in addition to featuring new journalistic boxes and the reciprocal lattice.
The author underscores the technological applications of the physics discussed and emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of scientific research. After introducing students to solid state physics, the text examines the various ways in which atoms bond together to form crystalline and amorphous solids. It also describes the measurement of mechanical properties and the means by which the mechanical properties of solids can be altered or supplemented for particular applications. The author discusses how electromagnetic radiation interacts with the periodic array of atoms that make up a crystal and how solids react to heat on both atomic and macroscopic scales. She then focuses on conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and superconductors, including some basic semiconductor devices. The final chapter addresses the magnetic properties of solids as well as applications of magnets and magnetism.
This accessible textbook provides a useful introduction to solid state physics for undergraduates who feel daunted by a highly mathematical approach. By relating the theories and concepts to practical applications, it shows how physics is used in the real world.
Key features:
- Fully updated throughout, with new journalistic boxes and recent applications
- Uses an accessible writing style and format, offering journalistic accounts of interesting research, worked examples, self-test questions, and a helpful glossary of frequently used terms
- Highlights various technological applications of physics, from locomotive lights to medical scanners to USB flash drives
A Solutions Manual is available for qualifying course adoptions and can be requested under the Support Material tab. There is also a dedicated Companion Website available with further student and instructor resources.
Author(s): Sharon Ann Holgate
Edition: 2
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 448
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to The First Edition
Author
Further Acknowledgements
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Crystal Clear: Bonding and Crystal Structures
2.1 Bonding in Solids
2.1.1 Electrons in Atoms
2.1.2 Ionic Bonding
Attraction and Repulsion
Cohesive Energy
2.1.3 Covalent Bonding
2.1.4 Metallic Bonding
2.1.5 van der Waals Bonding
2.1.6 Hydrogen Bonding
2.1.7 Mixed Bonding
2.2 Crystalline Solids
2.2.1 Describing Crystal Structures
Lattice and Basis
Unit Cells
Bravais Lattices and Crystal Systems
2.2.2 Crystalline Structures
Simple Cubic Structure
Body-Centred Cubic Structure
Face-Centred Cubic Structure
Caesium Chloride Structure
Sodium Chloride Structure
Zincblende Structure
Diamond Structure
Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure
Tetragonal Structure
Orthorhombic Structure
The Trigonal, Triclinic, and Monoclinic Structures
2.2.3 Quasicrystals
2.2.4 Liquid Crystals
2.2.5 Allotropes and Polymorphs
2.2.6 Single Crystals and Polycrystals
2.2.7 Graphene
2.2.8 Directions, Planes, and Atomic Coordinates
Directions
Planes
Atomic Coordinates
2.2.9 More on Lattices
Definition of Primitive Vectors
Primitive Vectors of Various Structures
Further Reading
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 3 The Rejection of Perfection: Defects, Amorphous Materials, and Polymers
3.1 Defects
3.1.1 Point Defects
Schottky Defects, Frenkel Defects, and Impurities
Colour Centres
Nonstoichiometry
Other Defects
3.1.2 Dislocations
Edge Dislocations and Screw Dislocations
Dislocations and Crystal Growth
Dislocation Density
Stacking Faults
3.2 Amorphous Materials
3.2.1 Structure of Amorphous Materials
3.2.2 Models of Amorphous Structures
Dense Random Packing of Hard Spheres Model
Continuous Random Network Model
Defects in Amorphous Solids
3.2.3 Glasses
3.2.4 Preparation of Amorphous Materials
Thermal Evaporation
Sputtering
Glow-Discharge Decomposition
Chemical Vapour Deposition
3.3 Polymers
3.3.1 Structure of Polymers
Bonding in Polymers
Polymerization
Crystallinity
3.3.2 Thermoplastics
3.3.3 Thermosets
3.3.4 Elastomers
3.3.5 Additives
Further Reading
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 4 The Right Stuff: Choosing the Best Material for the Job
4.1 Introduction to Macroscopic Properties of Solids
4.1.1 Stress and Strain
Stress–Strain Curves
How Bonding Affects Mechanical Properties
4.1.2 Plastic Deformation
Slip
Amorphous Materials and Polymers
4.1.3 Testing, Testing
Bend Tests
Tensile Testing
Impact Tests
Virtual Testing
4.1.4 Elasticity
Moduli of Elasticity
Poisson’s Ratio
Atomic Movement
4.1.5 Hardness
4.2 Tailoring Materials for Specific Applications
4.2.1 Alloys and Composites
Alloys
Composites
4.2.2 Altering the Mechanical Properties of a Solid
4.3 Recycling
4.3.1 The Need for Recycling
4.3.2 Recycled Products
Further Reading
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 5 In, Out, Shake It All About: Diffraction, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Solids
5.1 Diffraction
5.1.1 Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation
Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves
5.1.2 How Waves Interact with Crystalline Solids
The Bragg Law
Atomic Scattering Factor
Structure Factor
5.1.3 Obtaining X-ray Diffraction Patterns
Laue Method
Rotating Crystal Method
Powder Method
5.1.4 The Reciprocal Lattice
5.1.5 The Relationship between X-ray Diffraction and the Reciprocal Lattice
5.1.6 Electron and Neutron Diffraction
LEED and RHEED
5.2 Lattice Vibrations and Phonons
5.2.1 Atomic Vibrations in Crystalline Solids
Longitudinal and Transverse Waves in Solids
5.2.2 Phonons
5.3 Thermal Properties
5.3.1 Specific Heat
Definition
Specific Heat at Different Temperatures
5.3.2 Thermal Conductivity
5.3.3 Thermal Expansion
Coefficients of Expansion
Thermal Stresses
Further Reading
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 6 Unable to Resist: Metals, Semiconductors, and Superconductors
6.1 Free-Electron Models of Electrical Conduction
6.1.1 Overview of Electrical Conduction
Conductivity and Resistivity
Origins of the Resistivity
Electron Mean Free Path
Wiedemann–Franz Law
6.1.2 Drude’s Classical Free-Electron Model
6.1.3 Pauli’s Quantum Free-Electron Model
States of the Free-Electron Model
Fermi Energy
E-k Relationship
Effective Mass
Fermi Surfaces
Electronic Contribution to the Specific Heat
6.2 Energy Band Formation
6.2.1 Nearly Free-Electron Model
6.2.2 Tight-Binding Model
6.3 Simple Band Theory
6.3.1 Application of Band Theory to Real Solids
Energy Band Formation for a Conductor
Energy Bands for Insulators
Conduction in Polymers
6.3.2 Density of States in Energy Bands
6.4 Elemental and Compound Semiconductors
6.4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
Conductivity of Intrinsic Semiconductors
Intrinsic Carrier Concentrations
Doping to Produce n-type and p-type Semiconductors
Majority and Minority Carriers
The Fermi Level in Intrinsic Semiconductors
The Fermi Level in Extrinsic Semiconductors
More on Carrier Concentrations
6.4.2 Motion of Charge Carriers in Semiconductors
Drift Velocity
Thermal Velocity
Overall Motion
Conductivity
Diffusion
6.5 Superconductivity
6.5.1 Introduction to Superconductivity
Type I and Type II Superconductors
High-Temperature Superconductors
The Meissner Effect
Thermal Properties
BCS Theory
6.5.2 Superconductor Technology
Superconducting Magnets
Maglev Trains
Future Applications
References
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 7 Chips with Everything: Semiconductor Devices and Dielectrics
7.1 Introduction to Semiconductor Devices
7.1.1 p-n Junctions
Forming a p-n Junction
Unbiased Junction in Thermal Equilibrium
Reverse Bias
Forward Bias
Rectification
Breakdown
7.1.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors
7.1.3 Field-Effect Transistors
Enhancement-Mode MOSFETs
Depletion-Mode MOSFETs
CMOS
Thin-Film Transistors
7.2 Optoelectronic Devices
7.2.1 Interaction between Light and Semiconductors
Optical Absorption, Spontaneous Emission, and Stimulated Emission
Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors
7.2.2 LEDs
7.2.3 Semiconductor Lasers
7.2.4 Heterostructures
7.2.5 Solar Cells
7.2.6 MOS Capacitor
7.3 Device Manufacture
7.3.1 Crystal Growth
Czochralski Technique
Bridgman Technique
Floating Zone Method
7.3.2 Epitaxial Growth Methods
Vapour-Phase Epitaxy
Liquid-Phase Epitaxy
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
7.3.3 Deposition
Chemical Vapour Deposition
7.3.4 Lithography
7.3.5 Doping Semiconductors
Diffusion
Ion Implantation
7.4 Dielectrics
7.4.1 Introduction to Dielectrics
Electric Dipoles
Polarisation
7.4.2 Ferroelectricity
Capacitors
7.4.3 Piezoelectricity
References
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Chapter 8 Living in a Magnetic World: Magnetism and Its Applications
8.1 Introduction to Magnetism
8.1.1 The Origins of Magnetism
8.1.2 Magnetic Properties and Quantities
Magnetic Flux Density
Permeability
Magnetisation
Magnetic Susceptibility
8.2 Types of Magnetism
8.2.1 Diamagnetism
8.2.2 Paramagnetism
Atomic Paramagnetism
Pauli Paramagnetism
Overall Magnetism
8.2.3 Ferromagnetism
Formation of Domains
Changes to Domain Structure due to the Application of a Magnetic Field
Hysteresis
Paramagnetic Region
8.2.4 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism
8.3 Technological Applications of Magnets and Magnetism
8.3.1 Solenoids
8.3.2 Electromagnets
8.3.3 Permanent Magnets
8.3.4 Magnetic Resonance
8.3.5 Magnetic Recording
Tape Recording
Computer Disk Drives
Giant Magnetoresistance
References
Selected Questions from Questions and Answers Manual
Appendix A: Some Useful Maths
Appendix B: Vibrations and Waves
Appendix C: Revision of Atomic Physics
Appendix D: Revision of Quantum Mechanics
Appendix E: Revision of Statistical Mechanics
Appendix F: Glossary of Terms
Index
