Learn the what, how, and why of pathophysiology within a Canadian context! With easy-to-read, in-depth descriptions of disease, disease etiology, and disease processes, Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian Edition helps you understand the most important and most complex pathophysiology concepts. Including more than 1,000 full-colour illustrations and photographs, this text makes it easier to identify normal anatomy and physiology, as well as alterations of structure and function. With the most accurate information on treatments, manifestations, and mechanisms of disease across the lifespan, this first-edition text gives you the fundamental knowledge you need to succeed in your nursing education and career!
Key Features
Consistent presentation of diseases includes pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and evaluation and treatment.
Lifespan content includes nine separate pediatric chapters and special sections with aging and pediatrics content.
Algorithms and flowcharts of diseases and disorders make it easy for you to follow the sequential progression of disease processes.
Chapter summary reviews provide concise synopses of the main points of each chapter.
Glossary with approximately 1,000 terms familiarizes you with the most difficult and most important terminology.
Key terms are blue and bolded throughout the text to provide fast, easy reference.
Additional What’s New boxes highlight the most current research and clinical development.
Nutrition and Disease boxes explain the link between concepts of health promotion and disease.
Quick Check boxes appear at the end of major sections of text and are designed to help you assess your retention of important chapter concepts.
Risk Factor boxes illustrate important safety considerations associated with specific diseases.
Did You Understand? end-of-chapter summaries provides you with a comprehensive review of the major concepts presented in each chapter.
An Introduction to Pathophysiology provides an entrance to the subject of pathophysiology and explains why it is important.
Author(s): Sue E. Huether
Edition: 1st Edition
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2018
Language: English
Pages: 2335
Tags: Pathophysiology
Title Page......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 4
Health Promotion Boxes......Page 17
Copyright......Page 19
Reviewers......Page 21
Contributors......Page 23
Preface......Page 27
Organization and Content......Page 28
Features to Promote Learning......Page 31
Art Program......Page 32
Teaching/Learning Package......Page 33
Acknowledgments......Page 34
Introduction to Pathophysiology......Page 35
Part One Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology......Page 37
Unit 1 The Cell......Page 38
1 Cellular Biology......Page 39
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes......Page 41
Cellular Functions......Page 42
Structure and Function of Cellular Components......Page 43
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions......Page 55
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction......Page 60
Cellular Metabolism......Page 63
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output......Page 67
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle......Page 78
Tissues......Page 81
Did You Understand?......Page 91
Key Terms......Page 95
References......Page 98
2 Genes and Genetic Diseases......Page 99
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level......Page 101
Chromosomes......Page 109
Elements of Formal Genetics......Page 118
Transmission of Genetic Diseases......Page 119
Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping......Page 131
Multifactorial Inheritance......Page 134
Did You Understand?......Page 137
Key Terms......Page 140
References......Page 143
3 Epigenetics and Disease......Page 144
Epigenetic Mechanisms......Page 146
Epigenetics and Human Development......Page 149
Genomic Imprinting......Page 150
Inheritance of Epigenetic States......Page 153
Epigenetics and Cancer......Page 157
Future Directions......Page 160
Did You Understand?......Page 161
Key Terms......Page 163
References......Page 164
4 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology......Page 167
Cellular Adaptation......Page 169
Cellular Injury......Page 176
Manifestations of Cellular Injury: Accumulations......Page 202
Cellular Death......Page 211
Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology......Page 218
Somatic Death......Page 222
Did You Understand?......Page 223
Key Terms......Page 227
References......Page 229
5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases......Page 234
Distribution of Body Fluids and Electrolytes......Page 236
Alterations in Water Movement......Page 239
Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance......Page 241
Alterations in Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance......Page 244
Alterations in Potassium and Other Electrolytes......Page 249
Acid-Base Balance......Page 256
Pediatric Considerations......Page 264
Geriatric Considerations......Page 265
Did You Understand?......Page 266
Key Terms......Page 269
References......Page 271
Unit 2 Mechanisms of Self-Defence......Page 273
6 Innate Immunity......Page 274
Human Defence Mechanisms......Page 276
Acute and Chronic Inflammation......Page 298
Wound Healing......Page 302
Pediatric Considerations......Page 308
Geriatric Considerations......Page 309
Did You Understand?......Page 310
Key Terms......Page 313
References......Page 316
7 Adaptive Immunity......Page 318
Third Line of Defence: Adaptive Immunity......Page 320
Antigens and Immunogens......Page 324
Antibodies......Page 325
Immune Response: Collaboration of B Cells and T Cells......Page 332
Cell-Mediated Immunity......Page 342
Pediatric Considerations......Page 344
Geriatric Considerations......Page 345
Did You Understand?......Page 346
Key Terms......Page 349
References......Page 351
8 Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defence......Page 352
Infection......Page 353
Deficiencies in Immunity......Page 371
Hypersensitivity: Allergy, Autoimmunity, and Alloimmunity......Page 386
Did You Understand?......Page 402
Key Terms......Page 405
References......Page 408
9 Stress and Disease......Page 412
Historical Background and General Concepts......Page 414
The Stress Response......Page 418
Stress, Personality, Coping, and Illness......Page 429
Geriatric Considerations......Page 434
Did You Understand?......Page 435
Key Terms......Page 438
References......Page 439
Unit 3 Cellular Proliferation: Cancer......Page 445
10 Biology of Cancer......Page 446
Cancer Terminology and Characteristics......Page 449
The Biology of Cancer Cells......Page 454
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer......Page 479
Diagnosis, Characterization, and Treatment of Cancer......Page 485
Did You Understand?......Page 492
Key Terms......Page 496
References......Page 498
11 Cancer Epidemiology......Page 501
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue......Page 507
Incidence and Mortality Trends......Page 509
In Utero and Early Life Conditions......Page 511
Environmental and Lifestyle Factors......Page 513
Did You Understand?......Page 541
Key Terms......Page 547
References......Page 548
12 Cancer in Children and Adolescents......Page 559
Incidence, Etiology, and Types of Childhood Cancer......Page 561
Prognosis......Page 568
Did You Understand?......Page 570
Key Terms......Page 571
References......Page 572
Part Two Body Systems and Diseases......Page 574
Unit 4 The Neurological System......Page 575
13 Structure and Function of the Neurological System......Page 576
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System......Page 579
Cells of the Nervous System......Page 580
The Nerve Impulse......Page 587
The Central Nervous System......Page 590
The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 613
The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 615
Geriatric Considerations......Page 621
Did You Understand?......Page 622
Key Terms......Page 624
References......Page 628
14 Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function......Page 629
Pain......Page 632
Temperature Regulation......Page 642
Sleep......Page 648
The Special Senses......Page 651
Somatosensory Function......Page 663
Geriatric Considerations......Page 664
Geriatric Considerations......Page 665
Geriatric Considerations......Page 666
Did You Understand?......Page 667
Key Terms......Page 671
References......Page 675
15 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function......Page 680
Alterations in Cognitive Systems......Page 683
Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics......Page 703
Alterations in Neuromotor Function......Page 708
Alterations in Complex Motor Performance......Page 722
Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes......Page 724
Did You Understand?......Page 725
Key Terms......Page 728
References......Page 731
16 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction......Page 734
Central Nervous System Disorders......Page 736
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders......Page 771
Tumours of the Central Nervous System......Page 773
Did You Understand?......Page 779
Key Terms......Page 782
References......Page 784
17 Alterations of Neurological Function in Children......Page 790
Development of the Nervous System in Children......Page 792
References......Page 793
Structural Malformations......Page 795
Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies......Page 805
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children......Page 810
Childhood Tumours......Page 812
Did You Understand?......Page 818
Key Terms......Page 820
References......Page 821
Unit 5 The Endocrine System......Page 824
18 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation......Page 825
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation......Page 828
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands......Page 835
Geriatric Considerations......Page 853
Did You Understand?......Page 854
Key Terms......Page 857
References......Page 859
19 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation......Page 861
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations......Page 863
Alterations of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary System......Page 865
Alterations of Thyroid Function......Page 874
Alterations of Parathyroid Function......Page 882
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus......Page 885
Alterations of Adrenal Function......Page 902
Did You Understand?......Page 910
Key Terms......Page 914
References......Page 916
Unit 6 The Hematological System......Page 921
20 Structure and Function of the Hematological System......Page 922
Components of the Hematological System......Page 924
Development of Blood Cells......Page 935
Mechanisms of Hemostasis......Page 945
Pediatric Considerations......Page 953
Geriatric Considerations......Page 955
Did You Understand?......Page 956
Key Terms......Page 958
References......Page 960
21 Alterations of Hematological Function......Page 961
Alterations of Erythrocyte Function......Page 964
Myeloproliferative Red Blood Cell Disorders......Page 975
Alterations of Leukocyte Function......Page 979
Alterations of Lymphoid Function......Page 991
Alterations of Splenic Function......Page 1004
Hemorrhagic Disorders and Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation......Page 1006
Did You Understand?......Page 1022
Key Terms......Page 1026
References......Page 1029
22 Alterations of Hematological Function in Children......Page 1034
Disorders of Erythrocytes......Page 1036
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets......Page 1048
Neoplastic Disorders......Page 1051
Did You Understand?......Page 1056
Key Terms......Page 1058
References......Page 1059
Unit 7 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems......Page 1061
23 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems......Page 1062
The Circulatory System......Page 1064
The Heart......Page 1065
The Systemic Circulation......Page 1089
The Lymphatic System......Page 1104
Did You Understand?......Page 1107
Key Terms......Page 1111
References......Page 1114
24 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function......Page 1116
Diseases of the Veins......Page 1119
Diseases of the Arteries......Page 1122
Disorders of the Heart Wall......Page 1158
Manifestations of Heart Disease......Page 1175
Shock......Page 1185
Did You Understand?......Page 1200
Key Terms......Page 1204
References......Page 1206
25 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children......Page 1215
Congenital Heart Disease......Page 1217
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders......Page 1238
Did You Understand?......Page 1245
Key Terms......Page 1247
References......Page 1248
Unit 8 The Pulmonary System......Page 1249
26 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System......Page 1250
Structures of the Pulmonary System......Page 1252
Function of the Pulmonary System......Page 1259
Geriatric Considerations......Page 1273
Did You Understand?......Page 1275
Key Terms......Page 1277
References......Page 1278
27 Alterations of Pulmonary Function......Page 1279
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations......Page 1281
Disorders of the Chest Wall and Pleura......Page 1288
Pulmonary Disorders......Page 1292
Did You Understand?......Page 1326
Key Terms......Page 1329
References......Page 1331
28 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children......Page 1337
Disorders of the Upper Airways......Page 1339
Disorders of the Lower Airways......Page 1345
Sudden Unexpected Infant Death......Page 1360
Did You Understand?......Page 1362
Key Terms......Page 1364
References......Page 1365
Unit 9 The Renal and Urological Systems......Page 1370
29 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urological Systems......Page 1371
Structures of the Renal System......Page 1374
Renal Blood Flow......Page 1383
Kidney Function......Page 1386
Tests of Renal Function......Page 1396
Pediatric Considerations......Page 1399
Geriatric Considerations......Page 1400
Did You Understand?......Page 1401
Key Terms......Page 1403
References......Page 1405
30 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function......Page 1406
Urinary Tract Obstruction......Page 1409
Urinary Tract Infection......Page 1419
Glomerular Disorders......Page 1424
Acute Kidney Injury......Page 1431
Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 1436
Did You Understand?......Page 1443
Key Terms......Page 1445
References......Page 1447
31 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children......Page 1452
Structural Abnormalities......Page 1455
Glomerular Disorders......Page 1459
Nephroblastoma......Page 1462
Bladder Disorders......Page 1464
Urinary Incontinence......Page 1467
Did You Understand?......Page 1469
Key Terms......Page 1471
References......Page 1472
Unit 10 The Reproductive Systems......Page 1475
32 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems......Page 1476
Development of the Reproductive Systems......Page 1479
The Female Reproductive System......Page 1484
Structure and Function of the Breast......Page 1496
The Male Reproductive System......Page 1499
Aging and Reproductive Function......Page 1506
Did You Understand?......Page 1509
Key Terms......Page 1512
References......Page 1514
33 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1517
Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract......Page 1520
Alterations of Sexual Maturation......Page 1522
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1526
Disorders of the Female Breast......Page 1565
Did You Understand?......Page 1590
Key Terms......Page 1594
References......Page 1596
34 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System......Page 1607
Alterations of Sexual Maturation......Page 1610
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System......Page 1613
References......Page 1633
Disorders of the Male Breast......Page 1649
Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 1651
Did You Understand?......Page 1658
Key Terms......Page 1660
References......Page 1661
Unit 11 The Digestive System......Page 1667
35 Structure and Function of the Digestive System......Page 1668
The Gastro-Intestinal Tract......Page 1671
Accessory Organs of Digestion......Page 1689
Geriatric Considerations......Page 1701
Did You Understand?......Page 1703
Key Terms......Page 1706
References......Page 1709
36 Alterations of Digestive Function......Page 1710
Disorders of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract......Page 1713
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion......Page 1750
Cancer of the Digestive System......Page 1767
Did You Understand?......Page 1777
Key Terms......Page 1782
References......Page 1785
37 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children......Page 1796
Disorders of the Gastro-Intestinal Tract......Page 1798
Disorders of the Liver......Page 1817
Gastro-Intestinal Malignancies in Children......Page 1823
Did You Understand?......Page 1824
Key Terms......Page 1826
References......Page 1828
Unit 12 The Musculo-skeletal and Integumentary Systems......Page 1835
38 Structure and Function of the Musculo-skeletal System......Page 1836
Structure and Function of Bones......Page 1838
Structure and Function of Joints......Page 1849
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles......Page 1855
Aging and the Musculo-skeletal System......Page 1868
Did You Understand?......Page 1870
Key Terms......Page 1872
References......Page 1875
39 Alterations of Musculo-skeletal Function......Page 1877
Musculo-skeletal Injuries......Page 1880
Disorders of Bones......Page 1897
Disorders of Joints......Page 1913
Disorders of Skeletal Muscle......Page 1932
Musculo-skeletal Tumours......Page 1943
Did You Understand?......Page 1950
Key Terms......Page 1952
References......Page 1955
40 Alterations of Musculo-skeletal Function in Children......Page 1969
Congenital Defects......Page 1972
Bone Infection......Page 1978
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis......Page 1981
Osteochondroses......Page 1983
Scoliosis......Page 1987
Muscular Dystrophy......Page 1988
Musculo-skeletal Tumours......Page 1993
Nonaccidental Trauma......Page 1997
Did You Understand?......Page 1999
Key Terms......Page 2001
References......Page 2002
41 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument......Page 2004
Structure and Function of the Skin......Page 2007
Disorders of the Skin......Page 2019
Disorders of the Hair......Page 2053
Disorders of the Nail......Page 2054
Geriatric Considerations......Page 2055
Did You Understand?......Page 2056
Key Terms......Page 2059
References......Page 2061
42 Alterations of the Integument in Children......Page 2067
Acne Vulgaris......Page 2070
Dermatitis......Page 2072
Infections of the Skin......Page 2075
Insect Bites and Parasites......Page 2084
Cutaneous Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations......Page 2087
Other Skin Disorders......Page 2090
Did You Understand?......Page 2091
Key Terms......Page 2093
References......Page 2094
Index......Page 2097
Prefixes and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology......Page 2332
Word Roots Commonly Used in Medical Terminology......Page 2334
