Understanding Pathophysiology

Title Page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Reviewers
Preface
Organization and Content for the Seventh Edition
Features to Promote Learning
Art Program
Teaching/Learning Package
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Introduction to Pathophysiology
Part 1 Basic Concepts of Pathophysiology
Unit 1 The Cell
1 Cellular Biology
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Cellular Functions
Structure and Function of Cellular Components
Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
Cellular Communication and Signal Transduction
Cellular Metabolism
Membrane Transport: Cellular Intake and Output
Cellular Reproduction: The Cell Cycle
Tissues
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
2 Genes and Genetic Diseases
DNA, RNA, and Proteins: Heredity at the Molecular Level
Chromosomes
Elements of Formal Genetics
Transmission of Genetic Diseases
Linkage Analysis and Gene Mapping
Multifactorial Inheritance
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
3 Epigenetics and Disease
Epigenetic Mechanisms
Epigenetics and Human Development
Epigenetics in Genomic Imprinting
Environmental Impacts on Epigenetic Information
Epigenetics and Cancer
Future Directions
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Additional Readings
4 Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
Cellular Adaptation
Cellular Injury
Manifestations of Cellular Injury
Cellular Death
Aging and Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
Somatic Death
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
5 Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Distribution of Body Fluids and Electrolytes
Alterations in Water Movement
Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance
Alterations in Sodium, Chloride, and Water Balance
Alterations in Potassium and Other Electrolytes
Acid–Base Balance
Pediatric Considerations
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 2 Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6 Innate Immunity
Human Defense Mechanisms
Innate Immunity
Acute and Chronic Inflammation
Wound Healing
Pediatric Considerations
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
7 Adaptive Immunity
Overview of Adaptive Immunity
Antigens and Immunogens
Immune Response: Collaboration of B Cells and T Cells
Humoral Immunity (Antibodies)
Cell-Mediated Immunity
Pediatric Considerations
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
8 Alterations in Immunity
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Immunologic Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Reactions
Deficiencies in Immunity
Secondary (Acquired) Immune Deficiencies
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
9 Infection
Microorganisms and Humans: a Dynamic Relationship
Infectious Disease
Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance
Vaccines and Protection Against Infection
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
10 Stress and Disease
Background and General Concepts of Stress
The Stress Systems
Chronic Stress at an Early Age Increases the Risk of Developing Long-Lasting Pathophysiologic Alterations Linked to Poor Health and to Disease
Negative Effects of Stress on Telomere Length, Aging, and Disease
Coping and Intervention Strategies
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 3 Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11 Cancer Biology
Cancer Terminology and Characteristics
The Biology of Cancer Cells
Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
Treatment of Cancer
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
12 Cancer Epidemiology
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Tissue
In Utero and Early Life Conditions
Environmental-Lifestyle Factors
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
13 Cancer in Children and Adolescents
Incidence, Etiology, and Types of Childhood Cancer
Prognosis
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Part 2 Body Systems and Diseases
Unit 4 The Neurologic System
14 Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
Overview and Organization of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System
The Nerve Impulse
Central Nervous System
Blood Supply
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
15 Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
Pain
Temperature Regulation
Sleep
The Special Senses
Geriatric Considerations
Geriatric Considerations
Somatosensory Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
16 Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
Alterations in Cognitive Systems
Alterations in Cerebral Hemodynamics
Alterations in Neuromotor Function
Alterations in Complex Motor Performance
Extrapyramidal Motor Syndromes
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
17 Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
Central Nervous System Disorders
Peripheral Nervous System and Neuromuscular Junction Disorders
Tumors of the Central Nervous System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
18 Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Development of the Nervous System in Children
Structural Malformations
Alterations in Function: Encephalopathies
Cerebrovascular Disease in Children
Childhood Tumors
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 5 The Endocrine System
19 Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
Structure and Function of the Endocrine Glands
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
20 Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations
Alterations of the Hypothalamic–Pituitary System
Alterations of Thyroid Function
Alterations of Parathyroid Function
Dysfunction of the Endocrine Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus
Alterations of Adrenal Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
21 Obesity, Starvation, and Anorexia of Aging
Adipose Tissue
Obesity
Starvation
Anorexia of Aging
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 6 The Hematologic System
22 Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
Components of the Hematologic System
Development of Blood Cells
Mechanisms of Hemostasis
Pediatrics and Blood
Aging and Blood
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
23 Alterations of Hematologic Function
Anemia
Myeloproliferative Red Cell Disorders
Alterations of Leukocyte Function
Alterations of Lymphoid Function
Alterations of Splenic Function
Hemorrhagic Disorders and Alterations of Platelets and Coagulation
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
24 Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Disorders of Erythrocytes
Disorders of Coagulation and Platelets
Neoplastic Disorders
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 7 The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25 Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Circulatory System
Heart
Systemic Circulation
The Lymphatic System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
26 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
Diseases of the Veins
Diseases of the Arteries
Disorders of the Heart Wall
Manifestations of Heart Disease
Shock
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
27 Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Congenital Heart Disease
Acquired Cardiovascular Disorders
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 8 The Pulmonary System
28 Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
Structures of the Pulmonary System
Function of the Pulmonary System
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
29 Alterations of Pulmonary Function
Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Alterations
Pulmonary Disorders
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
30 Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Disorders of the Upper Airways
Disorders of the Lower Airways
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 9 The Renal and Urologic Systems
31 Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
Structures of the Renal System
Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration
Kidney Function
Tests of Renal Function
Pediatric Considerations
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
32 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
Urinary Tract Obstruction
Urinary Tract Infection
Glomerular Disorders
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
33 Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Structural Abnormalities
Glomerular Disorders
Nephroblastoma
Bladder Disorders
Urinary Incontinence
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 10 The Reproductive Systems
34 Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
Development of the Reproductive Systems
The Female Reproductive System
Structure and Function of the Breast
The Male Reproductive System
Aging and Reproductive Function
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
35 Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract
Alterations of Sexual Maturation
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Disorders of the Female Breast
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
36 Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Alterations of Sexual Maturation
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System
References
Disorders of the Male Breast
Sexually Transmitted Infections
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 11 The Digestive System
37 Structure and Function of the Digestive System
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Accessory Organs of Digestion
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
38 Alterations of Digestive Function
Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Disorders of the Accessory Organs of Digestion
Cancer of the Digestive System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
39 Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Congenital Impairment of Motility in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Acquired Impairment of Motility in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Impairment of Digestion, Absorption, and Nutrition
Diarrhea
Disorders of the Liver
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Unit 12 The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40 Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
Structure and Function of Bones
Structure and Function of Joints
Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscles
Aging & the Musculoskeletal System
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
41 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
Musculoskeletal Injuries
Disorders of Bones
Disorders of Joints
References
Disorders of Skeletal Muscle
Musculoskeletal Tumors
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
42 Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
Congenital Defects
Bone and Joint Infection
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Osteochondroses
Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Disorders
Musculoskeletal Tumors
Nonaccidental Trauma
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
43 Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
Structure and Function of the Skin
Disorders of the Skin
Disorders of the Hair
Disorders of the Nail
Geriatric Considerations
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
44 Alterations of the Integument in Children
Acne Vulgaris
Dermatitis
Infections of the Skin
Insect Bites and Parasites
Cutaneous Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations
Other Skin Disorders
Summary Review
Key Terms
References
Index
Prefixes and Suffixes Used in Medical Terminology
Word Roots Commonly Used in Medical Terminology