Understanding Human Sexuality

Cover......Page 1
Title......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Author Biographies......Page 4
Contents in Brief......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 13
Chapter 01: Sexuality in Perspective......Page 22
Sex and Gender......Page 23
Science......Page 24
The Media......Page 27
Cross-Cultural Perspectiveson Sexuality......Page 28
Masturbation......Page 29
Standards of Attractiveness......Page 31
Social-Class and Ethnic-Group Variations in the United States......Page 32
The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies......Page 37
A Sexually diverse World: Sexuality in Two Societies......Page 30
A Sexually diverse World: Sex in China......Page 35
Sexual Signaling......Page 38
The Nonsexual Uses of Sexual Behavior......Page 39
The Sexual Health Perspective......Page 40
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 41
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 42
Chapter 02: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality......Page 43
Sociobiology......Page 44
Evolutionary Psychology......Page 46
Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 47
Learning Theory......Page 49
Cognitive Theory......Page 52
A Sexually Diverse World: Learning Theory and Sexual orientation in a non-Western Society......Page 53
Feminist Theory......Page 55
Symbolic Interaction Theory......Page 56
Sexual Scripts......Page 57
Social Institutions......Page 58
SUMMARY......Page 61
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 62
Chapter 03: Sex Research......Page 63
Behavioral Measures......Page 64
Biological Measures......Page 65
Sampling......Page 66
Accuracy of Measurement......Page 67
Extraneous Factors......Page 69
Ethical Issues......Page 70
The Kinsey Report......Page 71
The NHSLS......Page 72
A Survey of Latino Women......Page 74
Magazine Surveys......Page 75
Milestones in Sex Research: Alfred C. Kinsey......Page 73
Web-Based Surveys......Page 76
Media Content Analysis......Page 77
Qualitative Methods......Page 78
Milestones in Sex Research: Masters and Johnson: The Physiology of Sexual Response......Page 79
Experiments......Page 81
Meta-Analysis......Page 82
Average versus Normal......Page 83
Correlation......Page 84
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 85
SUMMARY......Page 86
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 87
Chapter 04: Sexual Anatomy......Page 88
External Organs......Page 89
Internal Organs......Page 94
The Breasts......Page 97
A Sexually Diverse World: Female Genital Cutting......Page 93
External Organs......Page 98
Internal Organs......Page 101
First Person: The Pelvic Exam......Page 103
Cancer of the Prostate......Page 106
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 108
First Person: Testicular Examination......Page 107
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 109
Chapter 05: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle......Page 110
Sex Hormone Systems in Males......Page 111
Sex Hormone Systems in Females......Page 113
Descent of the Testes and Ovaries......Page 114
Brain Differentiation......Page 117
Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation......Page 118
Milestones in Sex Research: Endocrine Disrupters......Page 116
Changes in Girls......Page 120
Changes in Boys......Page 124
Changes in Behavior......Page 126
Biology of the Menstrual Cycle......Page 127
Menstrual Problems......Page 129
Psychological Aspectsof the Menstrual Cycle......Page 130
Cycles in Men......Page 133
SUMMARY......Page 134
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 135
Chapter 06: Conception, Pregnancy, & Childbirth......Page 136
Sperm Meets Egg: The Incredible Journey......Page 137
First Person: Planning a Pregnancy?......Page 138
The Embryo and Its Support Systems......Page 140
Fetal Development......Page 142
The Stages of Pregnancy......Page 143
Sex during Pregnancy......Page 147
Nutrition during Pregnancy......Page 148
Effects of Substances Taken during Pregnancy......Page 149
The Stages of Labor......Page 152
Childbirth Options......Page 154
Psychological Changes......Page 157
Sex during Postpartum......Page 158
Physical and Mental Health......Page 159
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension......Page 161
Birth Defects......Page 162
Preterm Birth......Page 163
Causes of Infertility......Page 164
Psychological Aspects of Infertility......Page 165
Sperm Banks......Page 166
Test-Tube Babies......Page 167
GIFT......Page 168
Gender Selection......Page 169
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 170
SUMMARY......Page 171
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 172
Chapter 07: Contraception and Abortion......Page 173
Hormonal Methods......Page 174
The Combination Pill......Page 175
Other Kinds of Pills......Page 178
The Vaginal Ring......Page 179
LARC......Page 180
First Person: Margaret Sanger—Birth Control Pioneer......Page 177
IUDs......Page 181
The Male Condom......Page 182
The Female Condom......Page 184
The Diaphragm......Page 185
Spermicides......Page 187
Withdrawal......Page 189
Fertility Awareness (Rhythm) Methods......Page 190
Male Sterilization......Page 192
Female Sterilization......Page 193
Psychological Aspects: Attitudes toward Contraception......Page 194
Milestones in Sex Research: History of the development of Sophisticated methods of Contraception......Page 195
Abortion......Page 196
Abortion Procedures......Page 197
Psychological Aspects......Page 200
New Advances in Contraception......Page 201
A Sexually diverse World: Abortion in Cross-Cultural Perspective......Page 199
Female Methods......Page 202
SUMMARY......Page 203
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 204
Chapter 08: Sexual Arousal......Page 205
Excitement......Page 206
Orgasm......Page 209
Resolution......Page 210
More on Women’s Orgasms......Page 211
The Sexual Excitation-Inhibition Model......Page 212
The Brain, the Spinal Cord, and Sex......Page 215
First Person: William Masters and Virginia Johnson......Page 213
Brain Control of Sexual Response......Page 217
Hormones and Sex......Page 222
Sex Offenders—Castration or Incarceration?......Page 224
Pheromones......Page 226
One-Person Sex......Page 228
Two-Person Sex......Page 230
Aphrodisiacs......Page 238
SUMMARY......Page 241
First Person: The Protestant Ethic: Sex as Work......Page 239
First Person: A Personal Growth Exercise—Getting to Know......Page 240
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 242
Chapter 09: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence......Page 243
Data Sources......Page 244
Child–Child Encounters......Page 245
Sexual Knowledge and Interests......Page 246
Heterosexual Behavior......Page 247
The Sexualizationof Children......Page 248
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)......Page 249
Masturbation......Page 250
Heterosexual Behavior......Page 253
Romantic Relationships......Page 257
Internet Use, Risk, and Sexting......Page 258
Milestones in Sex Research: The Impact of the Media on Adolescent Sexuality......Page 251
Milestones in Sex Research: Teen Pregnancy and Parenthood......Page 255
Casual Sex......Page 260
How Sexuality Aids in Development......Page 262
SUMMARY......Page 263
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 264
Chapter 10: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Adulthood......Page 265
The Never Married......Page 266
Being Single......Page 267
Cohabitation......Page 270
Marital Relationships......Page 271
Marital Sexuality......Page 272
Sexual Patterns in Marriage......Page 274
Sex and the Two-Career Family......Page 275
Keeping Your Mate......Page 276
Extra-Relationship Sex......Page 277
Internet Infidelity......Page 278
Equity and Extramarital Sex......Page 279
Open Nonmonogamous Relationships......Page 280
Post-Relationship Sex......Page 282
Sex in Later Life......Page 283
Physical Changes in Women......Page 284
Physical Changes in Men......Page 285
Attitudes about Sex and the Elderly......Page 286
Sexual Behavior......Page 288
SUMMARY......Page 290
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 291
Chapter 11: Attraction, Love, and Communication......Page 292
Birds of a Feather......Page 293
Physical Attractiveness......Page 294
From the Laboratory to Real Life......Page 295
Attraction Online......Page 296
Explaining Our Preferences......Page 297
Defining Intimacy......Page 299
Intimacy and Self-Disclosure......Page 300
Triangular Theory of Love......Page 301
Attachment Theory of Love......Page 303
Love as a Story......Page 304
Passionate and Companionate Love......Page 305
The Biology of Love......Page 306
Milestones in Sex Research: Jealousy......Page 307
Research on Love......Page 308
Love and Adrenaline......Page 309
Cross-Cultural Research......Page 310
Communication and Relationships......Page 312
Being an Effective Communicator......Page 313
Fighting Fair......Page 318
first Person: How Solid Is your Relationship?......Page 319
Relationship Education......Page 320
A Sexually Diverse World: Gender Differences in Communication......Page 315
SUMMARY......Page 321
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 322
Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality......Page 323
Gender Roles and Ethnicity......Page 324
Socialization......Page 327
Psychological Gender Differences......Page 328
Use of Pornography......Page 329
Arousal to Erotica......Page 330
Are the Differences Bogus?......Page 331
Biological Factors......Page 332
Cultural Factors......Page 333
A Sexually diverse World: Male Sexuality......Page 334
Beyond the Young Adults......Page 335
Transgender......Page 336
The Experiences of Trans People......Page 337
Trans Health......Page 338
The Medical and Surgical Transition Process......Page 339
What Causes Gender Variance?......Page 341
SUMMARY......Page 342
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 343
Chapter 13: Sexual Orientation: Gay, Straight, or Bi?......Page 344
Attitudes......Page 345
Gays and Lesbians as a Minority Group......Page 348
Milestones in Sex Research: Does Gaydar Exist?......Page 347
Life Experiences of LGBs......Page 349
LGB Development......Page 350
Gay and Lesbian Relationships......Page 352
Milestones in Sex Research: The Ethics of Sex Research: The Tearoom Trade......Page 353
First Person: A Gay Couple: Lee and Bob......Page 354
How Many People Are Gay, Straight, or Bi?......Page 355
Research Evidence......Page 357
Can Sexual Orientation Be Changedby Therapy?......Page 358
Biological Theories......Page 359
Sociological Theory......Page 361
Differences between Gay Menand Lesbians......Page 362
Sexual Orientation in Multicultural Perspective......Page 363
A Sexually diverse world: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia......Page 364
Bisexuality......Page 365
Mostly Heterosexuals......Page 366
First Person: Sexual Fluidity and Questioning......Page 367
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 368
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 370
SUMMARY......Page 369
Chapter 14: Variations in Sexual Behavior......Page 371
Defining Abnormal......Page 372
Fetishism......Page 373
First Person: A Case History of a Shoe Fetishist......Page 374
Cross-Dressing......Page 375
Sadomasochistic Behavior......Page 377
Causes of Sadomasochism......Page 378
Dominance and Submission......Page 381
Milestones in Sex Research: Sexual Addictions?......Page 379
Voyeurism......Page 382
Exhibitionism......Page 383
Hypersexuality......Page 384
Asexuality......Page 386
Cybersex Use and Abuse......Page 387
Zoophilia......Page 389
Other Variations......Page 390
Prevention of Sexual Variations......Page 391
Medical Treatments......Page 392
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapies......Page 393
AA-Type 12-Step Programs......Page 394
What Works?......Page 395
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 396
SUMMARY......Page 397
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 398
Chapter 15: Sexual Coercion......Page 399
The Impact of Rape......Page 400
First Person: How Can Friends Help a Rape Victim?......Page 403
Causes of Rape......Page 404
The Role of Alcohol in Sexual Assault......Page 405
Ethnicity and Rape......Page 407
Preventing Rape......Page 408
First Person: A Date-Rape Victim Tells Her Story......Page 401
Milestones in Sex Research: Fraternity Gang Rape......Page 406
Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse......Page 410
Impact on the Victim......Page 411
The Offenders......Page 412
Milestones in Sex Research: False Memory Syndrome? Recovered Memory?......Page 413
Sexual Harassment......Page 415
Sexual Harassment at Work......Page 416
Doctor–Patient Sex......Page 417
SUMMARY......Page 418
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 419
Chapter 16: Sex for Sale......Page 420
Venues for Sex Work......Page 421
Sex Trafficking......Page 424
The Career of a Sex Worker......Page 425
Sex Workers’ Well-Being......Page 427
The Role of Early Abuse......Page 428
Customers......Page 429
Male Sex Workers......Page 430
Pornography......Page 431
First Person: Working Their Way Through College......Page 426
The Porn Industry......Page 432
The Producers......Page 440
The Consumers......Page 441
The Effects of Exposure......Page 443
Issues Related to Pornography......Page 446
First Person: Behind the Scenes: Making X-Rated Videos......Page 437
SUMMARY......Page 448
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 449
Chapter 17: Sexual Disorders and Sex Therapy......Page 450
Desire Disorders......Page 451
Orgasmic Disorders......Page 452
What Causes Sexual Disorders?......Page 455
First Person: A Case of female orgasmic Disorder......Page 454
Physical Causes......Page 456
Drugs......Page 457
Psychological Causes......Page 459
Combined Cognitive and Physiological Factors......Page 461
A New View of Women’s Sexual Problems and Their Causes......Page 462
Behavior Therapy......Page 463
Couple Therapy......Page 464
first Person: A Case of Low Sexual Desire......Page 465
Specific Treatments for Specific Problems......Page 466
Biomedical Therapies......Page 467
Evaluating Sex Therapy......Page 469
Avoiding Sexual Disorders......Page 470
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 471
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 472
Chapter 18: Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 473
Chlamydia......Page 474
HPV......Page 475
Genital Herpes......Page 476
Psychological Aspects: Coping with Herpes......Page 477
Transmission......Page 478
The Virus......Page 480
Treatment......Page 481
Women, Children, Ethnic Minorities, and AIDS......Page 482
Psychological Considerations in AIDS......Page 483
Recent Progress in AIDS Research......Page 484
A Sexually diverse World: AIdS in Thailand......Page 479
Gonorrhea......Page 485
First Person: Safer Sex in the AIdS Era......Page 486
Diagnosis......Page 487
Symptoms......Page 488
Hepatitis B......Page 489
Preventing STIs......Page 490
First Person: Cool Lines about Safer Sex......Page 491
Prostatitis......Page 492
SUMMARY......Page 493
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 494
Chapter 19: Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality......Page 495
Basic Concepts......Page 496
Classical Greek Philosophy......Page 497
Judaism......Page 498
Christianity......Page 499
Islam......Page 502
Hinduism......Page 505
Contemporary Issues in Sexual Ethics......Page 506
A Sexually Diverse World: Dissent over Sexual Ethics in the Roman Catholic Church......Page 503
Sex Outside Marriage......Page 507
Contraception......Page 508
Abortion......Page 509
Homosexuality......Page 510
HIV and AIDS......Page 514
A Sexually Diverse World: Religious Position Statements on Abortion:......Page 511
Technology and Sexual Ethics......Page 515
Toward an Ethics of Human Sexuality......Page 516
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 517
SUMMARY......Page 518
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 519
Chapter 20: Sex and the Law......Page 520
Why Are There Sex Laws?......Page 521
Crimes of Exploitation and Force......Page 522
Criminal Consensual Acts......Page 523
Crimes against Good Taste......Page 524
Crimes against Reproduction......Page 526
Criminal Commercial Sex......Page 527
A Sexually diverse world: Universal Sexual Rights......Page 525
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 528
Sex-Law Enforcement......Page 530
Right to Privacy......Page 531
Equal Protection......Page 532
Victimless Crimes......Page 533
The Problem of Obscenity and Pornography......Page 534
The Controversy over Reproductive Freedom......Page 537
Ethnicity and Sex Laws......Page 540
Sex-Law Reform and Backlash......Page 541
The Legal Challenge of Assisted Reproductive Technologies......Page 542
Critical Thinking Skill......Page 545
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING......Page 546
In the Home, in the School, orSomewhere Else?......Page 547
Children’s Sexual Knowledge......Page 549
Abstinence-Only Programs......Page 551
The Politics of Sexuality Education......Page 552
Comprehensive, Theoretically Based Programs......Page 554
A Sampling from a comprehensive Sexuality Education curriculum......Page 553
The Teacher......Page 555
Effective Multicultural Sexuality Education......Page 556
Bibliography......Page 558
Glossary......Page 608
A......Page 617
B......Page 618
C......Page 619
D......Page 621
E......Page 622
F......Page 623
G......Page 624
H......Page 625
J......Page 626
L......Page 627
M......Page 628
N......Page 629
O......Page 630
P......Page 631
R......Page 632
S......Page 633
T......Page 636
W......Page 637
Z......Page 638
DIRECTORY OF RESOURCES......Page 639