Understanding Human Sexuality

Cover
Understanding Human Sexuality
Author Biography
Contents in Brief
Contents
Guide to Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI)
Preface
Chapter 1: Sexuality in Perspective
Sex and Gender
The History of Understanding Sexuality: Religion and Science
Religion
Science
The Media
Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Sexuality
Variations in Sexual Techniques
Masturbation
Premarital and Extramarital Sex
Sex with Same-Gender Partners
Standards of Attractiveness
Social-Class and Ethnic-Group Variations in the United States
The Significance of Cross-Cultural Studies
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality in Two Societies
A Sexually Diverse World: The Psychology of Racism in the United States
A Sexually Diverse World: Sex in China
Cross-Species Perspectives on Sexuality
Masturbation
Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
Sexual Signaling
Human Uniqueness
The Nonsexual Uses of Sexual Behavior
The Sexual Health Perspective
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Sexuality
Evolutionary Theories
Sociobiology
Evolutionary Psychology
Gender-Neutral Evolutionary Theory
Psychological Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
Learning Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Cognitive Theories
A Sexually Diverse World: Learning Theory and Sexual Orientation in a Non-Western Society
Critical Theories
Feminist Theory
Queer Theory
Critical Race Theory
Sociological Perspectives
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Sexual Scripts
Social Institutions
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 3: Sex Research
Measuring Sex
Self-Reports
Behavioral Measures
Implicit Measures
Biological Measures
Milestones in Sex Research: Masters and Johnson: The Physiology of Sexual Response
Issues in Sex Research
Sampling
Accuracy of Measurement
Extraneous Factors
Ethical Issues
The Major Sex Surveys
The Kinsey Report
The NHSLS
The NSSHB
Sexual Behavior in Britain and Australia
Race/Ethnicity in Research
Milestones in Sex Research: Alfred C. Kinsey
Studies of Special Populations
Milestones in Sex Research: Diversity Science
Web-Based Surveys
Media Content Analysis
Qualitative Methods
Experiments
Meta-Analysis
Statistical Concepts
Average
Variability
Average versus Normal
Prevalence and Frequency
Correlation
Critical Thinking Skill
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 4: Sexual Anatomy
Sex Organs in Female Bodies
External Organs
A Sexually Diverse World: Female Genital Cutting
Internal Organs
The Breasts
Sex Organs in Male Bodies
External Organs
Internal Organs
Cancer of the Sex Organs
Breast Cancer
Cancer of the Cervix, Endometrium, and Ovaries
Cancer of the Prostate
Cancer of the Testes
First Person: Testicular Examination
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 5: Sex Hormones, Sexual Differentiation, and the Menstrual Cycle
Sex Hormones
Sex Hormone Systems in Male Bodies
Sex Hormone Systems in Female Bodies
Prenatal Sexual Differentiation
Sex Chromosomes
Gonads
Prenatal Hormones and the Genitals
Descent of the Testes and Ovaries
Brain Differentiation
Homologous Organs
Atypical Prenatal Gender Differentiation
Milestones in Sex Research: Endocrine Disrupters
Sexual Differentiation during Puberty
Changes in Girls
A Sexually Diverse World: The Debate over the Treatment of Intersex Individuals
Changes in Boys
Changes in Behavior
The Menstrual Cycle
Biology of the Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Problems
Psychological Aspects of the Menstrual Cycle
Cycles in Men
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 6: Pregnancy and Childbirth
Conception
Sperm Meets Egg: The Incredible Journey
Improving the Chances of Conception: Making a Baby
Development of the Conceptus
The Embryo and Its Support Systems
Fetal Development
Pregnancy
The Stages of Pregnancy
A Sexually Diverse World: Race and Racism in Pregnancy and Infant Mortality in the United States
Sex during Pregnancy
Nutrition during Pregnancy
Effects of Substances Taken during Pregnancy
Birth
The Beginning of Labor
The Stages of Labor
Cesarean Section (C-Section)
Childbirth Options
After the Baby Is Born: The Postpartum Period
Physical Changes
Psychological Changes
Attachment to the Baby
Sex Postpartum
Breast-Feeding
Biological Mechanisms
Physical and Mental Health
Problem Pregnancies
Ectopic Pregnancy
Pseudocyesis (False Pregnancy)
Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension
Birth Defects
Rh Incompatibility
Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)
Preterm Birth
Infertility
Causes of Infertility
Psychological Aspects of Infertility
Treatment of Infertility
Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Artificial Insemination
Sperm Banks
Test-Tube Babies
Embryo Transfer
GIFT and ZIFT
Gender Selection
Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 7: Contraception and Abortion
Hormonal Methods
The Combination Pill
Other Kinds of Pills
The Patch
The Vaginal Ring
Depo-Provera Injections ("The Shot")
Emergency Contraception
First Person: Margaret Sanger—Birth Control Pioneer
LARC
Implants
Condoms
The Male Condom
The Female Condom
Diaphragms, FemCap, and the Sponge
The Diaphragm
FemCap
The Sponge
Spermicides
Withdrawal
Fertility Awareness (Rhythm) Methods
Sterilization
Male Sterilization
Female Sterilization
Psychological Aspects: Attitudes toward Contraception
Milestones in Sex Research: History of the Development of Sophisticated Methods of Contraception
Abortion
Abortion Procedures
Psychological Aspects
Men and Abortion
A Sexually Diverse World: Abortion in Cross-Cultural Perspective
New Advances in Contraception
Male Methods
Female Methods
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 8: Sexual Arousal
The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement
Orgasm
Resolution
More on Womenís Orgasms
Other Models of Sexual Response
Kaplanís Triphasic Model
The Sexual Excitation-Inhibition Model
Emotion and Arousal
First Person: William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Neural and Hormonal Bases of Arousal
The Brain, the Spinal Cord, and Sex
Brain Control of Sexual Response
Hormones and Sex
Sex OffendersóCastration or Incarceration?
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexuality and Disability
Milestones in Sex Research: Mapping the Sexual Brain
Pheromones
Sexual Techniques
Erogenous Zones
One-Person Sex
Two-Person Sex
Aphrodisiacs
Sexual Satisfaction
First Person: The Protestant Ethic: Sex as Work
First Person: A Personal Growth Exercise—Getting to Know Your Own Body
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 9: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Data Sources
Infancy and the Preschool Years (Birth to 4 Years)
Attachment
Self-Stimulation
ChildñChild Encounters
Sexual Knowledge and Interests
Knowledge about Gender
Childhood (5 to 11 Years)
Masturbation
Heterosexual Behavior
Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
Sex Knowledge and Interests
The Sexualization of Children
Adolescence (12 to 18 Years)
Masturbation
Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
Heterosexual Behavior
Too Early Sex
Romantic Relationships
Internet Use, Risk, and Sexting
Risky Sex and the Adolescent Brain
Milestones in Sex Research: The Impact of the Media on Adolescent Sexuality
Milestones in Sex Research: Teen Pregnancy and Parenthood
The College Years
Masturbation
Patterns of Heterosexual Behavior
Casual Sex
Same-Gender Sexual Behavior
How Sexuality Aids in Development
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 10: Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Adulthood
Sex and the Single Person
The Never Married
Being Single
Incels
Cohabitation
Marital Relationships
Marital Sexuality
Sexual Patterns in Marriage
Sex and the Two-Career Family
Cheating
Nonmonogamous Relationships
How Many People Engage in Extramarital Sex?
Influences on Extramarital Sex
Attitudes toward Extramarital Sex
Internet Infidelity
Equity and Extramarital Sex
Open Nonmonogamous Relationships
Consequences of Nonmonogamous Relationships
Postmarital Sex
Sex in Later Life
Physical Changes in Women
Physical Changes in Men
Attitudes about Sex and the Elderly
Sexual Behavior
A Sexually Diverse World: Culture and Conceptualizations of Late Adulthood
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 11: Attraction, Love, and Communication
Attraction
The Girl Next Door
Birds of a Feather
Physical Attractiveness
The Interpersonal Marketplace
Attraction Online
Explaining Our Preferences
Intimacy
Defining Intimacy
Intimacy and Self-Disclosure
Measuring Intimacy
Love
Triangular Theory of Love
Attachment Theory of Love
Love Styles
Milestones in Sex Research: Jealousy
Passionate and Companionate Love
The Biology of Love
Measuring Love
Two-Component Theory of Love
Cross-Cultural Research
The Far Reach of the Internet and Western Values
Communication
Communication and Relationships
Techniques of Good Communication
Fighting Fair
Checking Out Sexy Signals
Relationship Education
A Sexually Diverse World: Gender Differences in Communication
First Person: How Solid Is Your Relationship?
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 12: Gender and Sexuality
Gender Roles and Stereotypes
Gender Roles and Race/Ethnicity
Socialization
Psychological Gender Differences
Gender Differences in Sexuality
Masturbation
Attitudes about Casual Sex
Use of Pornography
Arousal to Erotica
The Orgasm Gap
Sex Drive
Why the Differences?
Are the Differences Bogus?
Biological Factors
Cultural Factors
Other Factors
A Sexually Diverse World: Male Sexuality
Beyond the Young Adults
Transgender Issues and Experience
Diagnosis Issues
The Experiences of Trans People
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination against Trans People
Transgender Development
Sexuality for Trans People
Trans Health and Mental Health
Social, Medical, and Surgical Transition Processes
Affirmative Psychotherapy with Transgender Individuals
What Causes Gender Variation?
Milestones in Sex Research: Measuring Discrimination against Trans People
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 13: Sexual Orientation: Gay, Straight, or Bi?
Attitudes toward Gays and Lesbians
Attitudes
Gays and Lesbians as a Minority group
Life Experiences of LGBs
LGB Development
Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Culture and Communities
Gay and Lesbian Relationships
Lesbian and Gay Families
Milestones in Sex Research: The Ethics of Sex Research: The Tearoom Trade
How Many People Are Gay, Straight, or Bi?
Sexual Orientation and Mental Health
Sin and the Medical Model
Research Evidence
Can Sexual Orientation Be Changed by Therapy?
A Sexually Diverse World: Race and the Well-Being of LGBT People in the United States
Why Do People Become Gay or Heterosexual?
Biological Theories
Learning Theory
Sociological Theory
The Bottom Line
Differences between Gay Men and Lesbians
Sexual Orientation in Multicultural Perspective
A Sexually Diverse World: Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia
Bisexuality
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Bisexual Development
Mostly Heterosexuals
Pansexuals
Concluding Reflections
First Person: Sexual Fluidity and Questioning
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 14: Variations in Sexual Behavior
When Is Sexual Behavior Abnormal?
Defining Abnormal
The NormalñAbnormal Continuum
Fetishism
Why Do People Develop Fetishes?
First Person: A Case History of a Shoe Fetishist
Cross-Dressing
Drag
Female Impersonators
Transvestites
Sadism and Masochism
Definitions
Sadomasochistic Behavior
Milestones in Sex Research: Sexual Addictions?
Bondage and Discipline
Dominance and Submission
Causes of BDSM
Race, Racism, and BDSM
Voyeurism and Exhibitionism
Voyeurism
Exhibitionism
Hypersexuality and Asexuality
Hypersexuality
Asexuality
Cybersex Use and Abuse
Other Sexual Variations
Prevention of Sexual Variations
Treatment of Sexual Variations
Medical Treatments
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
Skills Training
AA-Type 12-Step Programs
What Works?
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 15: Sexual Coercion
Rape
The Impact of Rape
Date Rape
Marital Rape
Causes of Rape
The Role of Alcohol in Sexual Assault
Rapists
Men as Victims of Rape
Trans People as Victims
Prison Rape
Race/Ethnicity and Rape
Preventing Rape
First Person: A Date-Rape Victim Tells Her Story
First Person: How Can Friends and Family Help a Rape Survivor?
Milestones in Sex Research: Fraternity Gang Rape
A Sexually Diverse World: Sexual Violence in Native America
Child Sexual Abuse
Patterns of Child Sexual Abuse
Impact on the Victim
The Offenders
Sexual Harassment
Sexual Harassment at Work
Sexual Harassment in Education: An A for a Lay
Doctor-Patient Sex
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 16: Sex for Sale
Prostitution
Venues for Sex Work
Pimps and Madams
Sex Trafficking
The Career of a Sex Worker
Sex Workersí Well-Being
Customers
Male Sex Workers
Sex Tourism
First Person: Working Their Way Through College
Pornography
The Porn Industry
The Producers
The Performers
The Consumers
The Effects of Exposure
Objections to Pornography
First Person: Behind the Scenes: Making X-Rated Videos
First Person: "Nicole": A Victim of Child Pornography
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 17: Sexual Disorders and Sex Therapy
Kinds of Sexual Disorders
Desire Disorders
Arousal Disorders
Orgasmic Disorders
Pain Disorders
First Person: A Case of Female Orgasmic Disorder
What Causes Sexual Disorders?
Physical Causes
Drugs
Psychological Causes
Combined Cognitive and Physiological Factors
Interpersonal Factors
A New View of Womenís Sexual Problems and Their Causes
Therapies for Sexual Disorders
Behavior Therapy
Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Mindfulness Therapy
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Couple Therapy
Specific Treatments for Specific Problems
Biomedical Therapies
First Person: A Case of Low Sexual Desire
Evaluating Sex Therapy
Some Practical Information
Avoiding Sexual Disorders
Choosing a Sex Therapist
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 18: Sexually Transmitted Infections
Chlamydia
Symptoms
Treatment
Prevention?
HPV
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vaccine
Genital Herpes
Symptoms
Treatment
LongñTerm Consequences
Psychological Aspects: Coping with Herpes
HIV Infection and AIDS
An Epidemic?
Transmission
A Sexually Diverse World: AIDS in Thailand
The Virus
The Disease
Diagnosis
Treatment
Women, Children, People of Color, and AIDS
Psychological Considerations in HIV/AIDS
Recent Progress in AIDS Research
Gonorrhea
First Person: Safer Sex in the AIDS Era
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Syphilis
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hepatitis B
Trichomoniasis
Pubic Lice
Protecting Yourself
Other Genital Infections
Candida
Prostatitis
First Person: Cool Lines about Safer Sex
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 19: Ethics, Religion, and Sexuality
Basic Concepts
Sexuality in Great Ethical Traditions
Classical Greek Philosophy
Judaism
Christianity
Humanism
Sexuality in Other Major Religions
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
A Sexually Diverse World: Dissent over Sexual Ethics in the Roman Catholic Church
Contemporary Issues in Sexual Ethics
Sex Outside Marriage
Contraception
Abortion
Same-Gender Sexuality
A Sexually Diverse World: Religious Position Statements on Abortion: Pro-life versus Pro-choice
Technology and Sexual Ethics
Toward an Ethics of Human Sexuality
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Chapter 20: Sex and the Law
Why Are There Sex Laws?
What Kinds of Sex Laws Are There?
Crimes of Exploitation and Force
Criminal Consensual Acts
Crimes against Good Taste
Crimes against Reproduction
Criminal Commercial Sex
A Sexually Diverse World: Universal Sexual Rights
Discriminatory Laws Related to Sexuality
Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Same-Sex Marriage
A Sexually Diverse World: Legal Issues for Transgender Persons
Sex-Law Enforcement
Principles in Sex-Law Reform
Efforts at Sex-Law Reform
Right to Privacy
Equal Protection
Victimless Crimes
Freedom of Speech
Reproductive Rights
Race, Social Class, and Sex Laws
Sex and the Law in the Future
Sex-Law Reform and Backlash
The Legal Challenge of Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Critical Thinking Skill
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Epilogue: Looking to the Future: Sexuality Education
In the Home, in the School, or Somewhere Else?
What to Teach at Different Ages
Childrenís Sexual Knowledge
Childrenís Sexual Interests
The Curriculum
Abstinence-Only Programs
The Politics of Sexuality Education
HIV/AIDS Risk Education
Comprehensive, Theoretically Based Programs
A Sampling from a Comprehensive Sexuality Education Curriculum
The Teacher
Condom Availability
Race and Sexuality Education
Bibliography
Glossary
Index
Directory of Resources