Understanding Biology

Cover
Title
Copyright
Brief Contents
About the Authors
Changes to This Edition
Acknowledgments
A Learning Path to Understanding Biology
Contents
PART I: The Molecular Basis of Life
1 The Science of Biology
Concept 1.1 The Diversity of Life Is Overwhelming
Concept 1.2 Biology Is the Science of Life
Concept 1.3 Science Is Based on Both Observation and Reasoning
Concept 1.4 The Study of Evolution Is a Good Example of Scientific Inquiry
Concept 1.5 A Few Important Concepts Form the Core of Biology
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
2 The Nature of Molecules and the Properties of Water
Concept 2.1 All Matter Is Composed of Atoms
Concept 2.2 The Elements in Living Systems Have Low Atomic Masses
Concept 2.3 Molecules Are Collections of Atoms Held Together by Chemical Bonds
Concept 2.4 The Properties of Water Result from Its Polar Nature
Concept 2.5 Water Molecules Can Dissociate into Ions
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life
Concept 3.1 Carbon Provides the Framework of Biological Molecules
Concept 3.2 Carbohydrates Form Both Structural and Energy- Storing Molecules
Concept 3.3 Proteins Are the Tools of the Cell
Concept 3.4 Nucleic Acids Store and Express Genetic Information
Concept 3.5 Hydrophobic Lipids Form Fats and Membranes
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART II: Biology of the Cell
4 Cell Structure
Concept 4.1 All Living Organisms Are Composed of Cells
Concept 4.2 Prokaryotic Cells Are Relatively Simple
Concept 4.3 Eukaryotic Cells Are Highly Compartmentalized
Concept 4.4 Membranes Organize the Cell Interior into Functional Compartments
Concept 4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Are Energy-Processing Organelles
Concept 4.6 An Internal Skeleton Supports the Shape of Cells
Concept 4.7 Extracellular Structures Protect Cells
Concept 4.8 Cell-to-Cell Connections Determine How Adjacent Cells Interact
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
5 Membranes
Concept 5.1 Membranes Are Phospholipid Bilayers with Embedded Proteins
Concept 5.2 Phospholipids Provide a Membrane's Structural Foundation
Concept 5.3 Membrane Proteins Enable a Broad Range of Interactions with the Environment
Concept 5.4 Passive Transport Moves Molecules Across Membranes by Diffusion
Concept 5.5 Active Transport Across Membranes Requires Energy
Concept 5.6 Bulky Materials Cross Membranes Within Vesicles
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
6 Energy and Metabolism
Concept 6.1 Energy Flows Through Living Systems
Concept 6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics Govern All Energy Changes
Concept 6.3 ATP Is the Energy Currency of Cells
Concept 6.4 Enzymes Speed Up Reactions by Lowering Activation Energy
Concept 6.5 Metabolism Is the Sum of a Cell's Chemical Activities
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
7 How Cells Harvest Energy
Concept 7.1 Cells Harvest Energy from Organic Compounds by Oxidation
Concept 7.2 Glycolysis Splits Glucose and Yields a Small Amount of ATP
Concept 7.3 The Citric Acid Cycle Is the Oxidative Core of Cellular Respiration
Concept 7.4 Electrons Removed by Oxidation Pass Along an Electron Transport Chain
Concept 7.5 The Total Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration Far Exceeds That of Glycolysis
Concept 7.6 Aerobic Respiration Is Regulated by Feedback Inhibition
Concept 7.7 Some Forms of Energy Metabolism Do Not Require O2
Concept 7.8 Carbohydrates Are Not the Only Energy Source Used by Heterotrophs
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
8 Photosynthesis
Concept 8.1 Photosynthesis Uses Sunlight to Power the Synthesis of Organic Molecules
Concept 8.2 Experiments Revealed That Photosynthesis Is a Chemical Process
Concept 8.3 Pigments Capture Energy from Sunlight
Concept 8.4 Photosynthetic Pigments Are Organized into Photosystems
Concept 8.5 Energy from Sunlight Is Used to Produce a Proton Gradient
Concept 8.6 Carbon Fixation Incorporates CO2 into Organic Molecules
Concept 8.7 Photorespiration Short-Circuits Photosynthesis
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
9 Cell Communication
Concept 9.1 The Cells of Multicellular Organisms Communicate
Concept 9.2 Signal Transduction Begins with Cellular Receptors
Concept 9.3 Intracellular Receptors Respond to Signals by Regulating Gene Expression
Concept 9.4 Protein Kinase Receptors Respond to Signals by Phosphorylating Proteins
Concept 9.5 G Protein–Coupled Receptors Respond to Signals Through Effector Proteins
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
10 How Cells Divide
Concept 10.1 Bacterial Cell Division Is Clonal
Concept 10.2 Eukaryotes Have Large, Linear Chromosomes
Concept 10.3 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Is Complex and Highly Organized
Concept 10.4 During Interphase, Cells Grow and Prepare for Mitosis
Concept 10.5 In Mitosis, Chromosomes Segregate
Concept 10.6 Events of the Cell Cycle Are Carefully Regulated
Concept 10.7 Cancer Is a Failure of Cell-Cycle Control
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART III: Genetics and Molecular Biology
11 Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
Concept 11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis
Concept 11.2 Meiosis Consists of Two Divisions with One Round of DNA Replication
Concept 11.3 The Process of Meiosis Involves Intimate Interactions Between Homologs
Concept 11.4 Meiosis Has Four Distinct Features
Concept 11.5 Genetic Variation Is the Evolutionary Consequence of Sex
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
12 Patterns of Inheritance
Concept 12.1 Experiments Carried Out by Mendel Explain Inheritance
Concept 12.2 Mendel's Principle of Segregation Accounts for 3:1 Phenotypic Ratios
Concept 12.3 Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment Asserts That Genes Segregate Independently
Concept 12.4 Probability Allows Us to Predict the Results of Crosses
Concept 12.5 Extending Mendel's Model Provides a Clearer View of Genetics in Action
Concept 12.6 Genotype Dictates Phenotype by Specifying Protein Sequences
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
13 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Concept 13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
Concept 13.2 There Are Two Major Exceptions to Chromosomal Inheritance
Concept 13.3 Some Genes Do Not Assort Independently: Linkage
Concept 13.4 Genetic Crosses Provide Data for Genetic Maps
Concept 13.5 Changes in Chromosome Number Can Have Drastic Effects
Concept 13.6 Inheritance in Humans Can Be Studied by Analyzing Pedigrees
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
14 DNA: The Genetic Material
Concept 14.1 DNA Is the Genetic Material
Concept 14.2 The DNA Molecule Is a Double Helix
Concept 14.3 Both Strands Are Copied During DNA Replication
Concept 14.4 Prokaryotes Organize the Enzymes Used to Duplicate DNA
Concept 14.5 Eukaryotic Chromosomes Are Large and Linear
Concept 14.6 Cells Repair Damaged DNA
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
15 Genes and How They Work
Concept 15.1 Experiments Have Revealed the Nature of Genes
Concept 15.2 The Genetic Code Relates Information in DNA and Protein
Concept 15.3 Prokaryotes Exhibit All the Basic Features of Transcription
Concept 15.4 Eukaryotes Use Three Polymerases and Extensively Modify Transcripts
Concept 15.5 Eukaryotic Genes May Contain Noncoding Sequences
Concept 15.6 The Ribosome Is the Machine of Protein Synthesis
Concept 15.7 The Process of Translation Is Complex and Energy-Expensive
Concept 15.8 Mutations Are Heritable Changes in Genetic Material
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
16 Control of Gene Expression
Concept 16.1 All Organisms Control Expression of Their Genes
Concept 16.2 Regulatory Proteins Control Genes by Interacting with Specific DNA Nucleotide Sequences
Concept 16.3 Prokaryotes Regulate Their Genes in Clusters
Concept 16.4 Transcription Factors Control Gene Transcription in Eukaryotes
Concept 16.5 Chromatin Structure Affects Gene Expression
Concept 16.6 Eukaryotic Genes Are Also Regulated After Transcription
Concept 16.7 Gene Regulation Determines How Cells Will Develop
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
17 Biotechnology
Concept 17.1 Enzymes Allow the Creation of Recombinant Molecules In Vitro
Concept 17.2 The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is Used to Amplify Specific DNA Sequences
Concept 17.3 Molecular Tools Allow Us to Analyze and Modify Genetic Variation
Concept 17.4 Transgenic Organisms Are Used to Analyze Gene Function
Concept 17.5 Genetic Tools Are Changing Modern Medicine
Concept 17.6 Genetic Engineering Is Used in Industry and Agriculture
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
18 Genomics
Concept 18.1 Mapping Identifies and Locates Functional Elements in Genomes
Concept 18.2 The Modernization of DNA Sequencing Has Accelerated Discovery
Concept 18.3 Genome Projects Reveal Insights into Medicine and Agriculture
Concept 18.4 Genome Annotation Assigns Functional Information to Genomes
Concept 18.5 Genome Comparisons Provide Information About Genomic Structure and Function
Concept 18.6 Comparative Genomics Informs Evolutionary Biology
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART IV: Evolution
19 Genes Within Populations
Concept 19.1 Natural Populations Exhibit Genetic Variation
Concept 19.2 Frequencies of Alleles Can Change
Concept 19.3 Five Agents Are Responsible for Evolutionary Change
Concept 19.4 Selection Can Act on Traits Affected by Many Genes
Concept 19.5 Natural Selection Can Be Studied Experimentally
Concept 19.6 Fitness Is a Measure of Evolutionary Success
Concept 19.7 Evolutionary Processes Sometimes Maintain Variation
Concept 19.8 Sexual Selection Determines Reproductive Success
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
20 The Evidence for Evolution
Concept 20.1 The Beaks of Darwin's Finches Provide Evidence of Natural Selection
Concept 20.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism Illustrate Natural Selection in Action
Concept 20.3 Human-Initiated Artificial Selection Is Also a Powerful Agent of Change
Concept 20.4 Fossils Provide Direct Evidence of Evolution
Concept 20.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution Is Extensive and Persuasive
Concept 20.6 Genes Carry a Molecular Record of the Evolutionary Past
Concept 20.7 Natural Selection Favors Convergent Evolution in Similar Environments
Concept 20.8 Addressing Common Criticisms of Evolutionary Theory
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
21 The Origin of Species
Concept 21.1 The Biological Species Concept Highlights Reproductive Isolation
Concept 21.2 Natural Selection May Reinforce Reproductive Isolation
Concept 21.3 Natural Selection and Genetic Drift Play Key Roles in Speciation
Concept 21.4 Speciation Is Influenced by Geography
Concept 21.5 Adaptive Radiation Requires Both Speciation and Habitat Diversity
Concept 21.6 The Pace of Evolution Varies
Concept 21.7 Speciation and Extinction Have Molded Biodiversity Through Time
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART V: The Diversity of Life
22 Systematics and Phylogeny
Concept 22.1 Systematics Reconstructs Evolutionary Relationships
Concept 22.2 Cladistics Focuses on Traits Derived from a Common Ancestor
Concept 22.3 Classification Is a Labeling Process, Not an Evolutionary Reconstruction
Concept 22.4 Taxonomy Attempts to Classify Organisms in an Evolutionary Context
Concept 22.5 The Largest Taxa Are Domains
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
23 Prokaryotes and Viruses
Concept 23.1 Prokaryotes Are the Most Ancient Organisms
Concept 23.2 Prokaryotes Have an Organized but Simple Structure
Concept 23.3 The Genetics of Prokaryotes Focuses on DNA Transfer
Concept 23.4 Prokaryotic Metabolism Is Diverse
Concept 23.5 Bacteria Cause Important Human Diseases
Concept 23.6 Viruses Are Not Organisms
Concept 23.7 Bacterial Viruses Infect by DNA Injection
Concept 23.8 Animal Viruses Infect by Endocytosis
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
24 Protists
Concept 24.1 Protists, the First Eukaryotes, Arose by Endosymbiosis
Concept 24.2 Protists Are a Very Diverse Group
Concept 24.3 The Rough Outlines of Protist Phylogeny Are Becoming Clearer
Concept 24.4 Excavata Are Flagellated Protists Lacking Mitochondria
Concept 24.5 SAR: Stramenopiles and Alveolates Exhibit Secondary Endosymbiosis
Concept 24.6 SAR: Rhizaria Have Silicon Exoskeletons or Limestone Shells
Concept 24.7 Archaeplastida Are Descended from a Single Endosymbiosis Event
Concept 24.8 Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta Are Closely Related
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
25 Fungi
Concept 25.1 Fungi Have Unique Reproductive and Nutritional Strategies
Concept 25.2 Fungi Have an Enormous Ecological Impact
Concept 25.3 Fungi Are Important Plant and Animal Pathogens
Concept 25.4 Fungi Are Taxonomically Diverse
Concept 25.5 Microsporidia Are Unicellular Parasites
Concept 25.6 Chytridiomycota and Relatives: Fungi with Zoospores
Concept 25.7 Zygomycota Produce Zygotes
Concept 25.8 Glomeromycota Are Asexual Plant Symbionts
Concept 25.9 Basidiomycota Are the Mushroom Fungi
Concept 25.10 Ascomycota Are the Most Diverse Phylum of Fungi
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
26 Plants
Concept 26.1 Land Plants Are Multicellular Autotrophs Adapted to Terrestrial Life
Concept 26.2 Bryophytes Have a Dominant Gametophyte Generation
Concept 26.3 Seedless Vascular Plants Evolved Roots, Stems, and Leaves
Concept 26.4 Lycophytes Have a Dominant Sporophyte Generation
Concept 26.5 Pterophytes Are Ferns and Their Relatives
Concept 26.6 Seed Plants Were a Key Step in Plant Evolution
Concept 26.7 Gymnosperms Are Plants with "Naked Seeds"
Concept 26.8 Angiosperms Are Flowering Plants
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
27 Animal Diversity
Concept 27.1 The Diversity of Animal Body Plans Arose by a Series of Evolutionary Innovations
Concept 27.2 Molecular Data Are Clarifying the Animal Phylogenetic Tree
Concept 27.3 True Tissue Evolved in Simple Animals
Concept 27.4 Flatworms and Rotifers Are Very Simple Bilaterians
Concept 27.5 Mollusks and Annelids Are the Largest Groups of Lophotrochozoans
Concept 27.6 Lophophorates Are Very Simple Marine Organisms
Concept 27.7 Nematodes and Arthropods Are Both Large Groups of Ecdysozoans
Concept 27.8 Deuterostomes Are Composed of Echinoderms and Chordates
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
28 Vertebrates
Concept 28.1 Nonvertebrate Chordates Do Not Form Bone
Concept 28.2 Almost All Chordates Are Vertebrates
Concept 28.3 Fishes Are the Earliest and Most Diverse Vertebrates
Concept 28.4 Amphibians Are Moist-Skinned Descendants of the Early Tetrapods
Concept 28.5 Reptiles Are Fully Adapted to Terrestrial Living
Concept 28.6 Birds Are Essentially Flying Reptiles
Concept 28.7 Mammals Are the Least Diverse of Vertebrates
Concept 28.8 Primates Include Lemurs, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART VI: Plant Form and Function
29 Plant Form
Concept 29.1 Meristems Articulate the Body Plan
Concept 29.2 Plants Contain Three Main Tissues
Concept 29.3 Roots Have Four Growth Zones
Concept 29.4 Stems Provide Support for Aboveground Organs
Concept 29.5 Leaves Are a Plant's Photosynthetic Organs
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
30 Flowering Plant Reproduction
Concept 30.1 Reproduction Starts with Flowering
Concept 30.2 Flowers Attract Pollinators
Concept 30.3 Fertilization Leads to Embryogenesis
Concept 30.4 Seeds Protect Angiosperm Embryos
Concept 30.5 Fruits Promote Seed Dispersal
Concept 30.6 Germination Begins Seedling Growth
Concept 30.7 Plant Life Spans Vary Widely
Concept 30.8 Asexual Reproduction Is Common Among Flowering Plants
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
31 The Living Plant
Concept 31.1 Water Moves Through Plants Based on Potential Differences
Concept 31.2 Roots Absorb Minerals and Water
Concept 31.3 Xylem Transports Water from Root to Shoot
Concept 31.4 Transpiration Rate Reflects Environmental Conditions
Concept 31.5 Plants Are Adapted to Water Stress
Concept 31.6 Phloem Transports Organic Molecules
Concept 31.7 Plants Require a Variety of Nutrients
Concept 31.8 Plants Use Hormones to Regulate Growth
Concept 31.9 Plant Growth Is Responsive to Light
Concept 31.10 Plant Growth Is Sensitive to Gravity
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART VII: Animal Form and Function
32 The Animal Body and How It Moves
Concept 32.1 The Vertebrate Body Has a Hierarchical Organization
Concept 32.2 Epithelial Tissue Covers Body Surfaces
Concept 32.3 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly
Concept 32.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body
Concept 32.5 Muscle Tissue Powers the Body's Movements
Concept 32.6 Skeletal Systems Anchor the Body's Muscles
Concept 32.7 Vertebrate Endoskeletons Are Made of Bone
Concept 32.8 Muscles Contract Because Their Myofilaments Slide
Concept 32.9 Animal Locomotion Takes Many Forms
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
33 The Nervous System
Concept 33.1 The Nervous System Directs the Body's Actions
Concept 33.2 Neurons Maintain a Resting Potential Across the Plasma Membrane
Concept 33.3 Action Potentials Propagate Nerve Impulses
Concept 33.4 Synapses Are Where Neurons Communicate with Other Cells
Concept 33.5 The Central Nervous System Includes the Brain and Spinal Cord
Concept 33.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Consists of Both Sensory and Motor Neurons
Concept 33.7 Sensory Receptors Provide Information About the Body's Environment
Concept 33.8 Mechanoreceptors Sense Touch and Pressure
Concept 33.9 Sounds and Body Position Are Sensed by Vibration Detectors
Concept 33.10 Taste, Smell, and pH Senses Utilize Chemoreceptors
Concept 33.11 Vision Employs Photoreceptors to Perceive Objects at a Distance
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
34 Fueling the Body's Metabolism
Concept 34.1 Vertebrate Digestive Systems Are Tubular Tracts
Concept 34.2 Food Is Processed as It Passes Through the Digestive Tract
Concept 34.3 The Digestive Tract Is Regulated by the Nervous System and Hormones
Concept 34.4 Respiratory Systems Promote Efficient Exchange of Gases
Concept 34.5 Gills Provide for Efficient Gas Exchange in Water
Concept 34.6 Lungs Are the Respiratory Organs of Terrestrial Vertebrates
Concept 34.7 Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Are Transported by Fundamentally Different Mechanisms
Concept 34.8 Circulating Blood Carries Metabolites and Gases to the Tissues
Concept 34.9 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems Put a Premium on Efficient Circulation
Concept 34.10 The Four Chambers of the Heart Contract in a Cycle
Concept 34.11 The Circulatory Highway Is Composed of Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
35 Maintaining Homeostasis
Concept 35.1 Homeostasis Maintains a Constant Internal Environment
Concept 35.2 Hormones Are Chemical Messages That Direct Body Processes
Concept 35.3 The Pituitary and the Hypothalamus Are the Body's Control Centers
Concept 35.4 Peripheral Endocrine Glands Play Major Roles in Homeostasis
Concept 35.5 Animals Are Osmoconformers or Osmoregulators
Concept 35.6 The Kidney Maintains Osmotic Homeostasis in Mammals
Concept 35.7 Hormones Control Osmoregulation
Concept 35.8 The Immune System Defends the Body
Concept 35.9 Cell-Mediated Immunity Involves Helper and Killer T Cells
Concept 35.10 In Humoral Immunity, B Cells Produce Protective Antibodies
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
36 Reproduction and Development
Concept 36.1 Mammals Are Viviparous
Concept 36.2 The Human Male Reproductive System Is Typical of Mammals
Concept 36.3 The Human Female Reproductive System Undergoes Cyclic Gamete Development
Concept 36.4 The First Step in Development Is Fertilization
Concept 36.5 Cells of the Early Embryo Are Totipotent
Concept 36.6 Cleavage Leads to the Blastula Stage
Concept 36.7 Gastrulation Forms the Basic Body Plan of the Embryo
Concept 36.8 The Body's Organs Form in Organogenesis
Concept 36.9 Human Development Takes Nine Months
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
PART VIII: Ecology and Behavior
37 Behavioral Biology
Concept 37.1 An Animal's Genome Influences Its Behavior
Concept 37.2 Learning Also Influences Behavior
Concept 37.3 Thinking Directs the Behavior of Many Animals
Concept 37.4 Migratory Behavior Is Both Innate and Learned
Concept 37.5 Animal Communication Plays a Key Role in Ecological and Social Behavior
Concept 37.6 Behavior Evolves Adaptively
Concept 37.7 Behavioral Ecology Examines the Adaptive Significance of Behaviors
Concept 37.8 Behavioral Strategies Have Evolved to Maximize Reproductive Success
Concept 37.9 Some Behaviors Decrease Fitness to Benefit Other Individuals
Concept 37.10 Group Living Has Evolved in Both Insects and Vertebrates
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
38 Ecology of Individuals and Populations
Concept 38.1 Populations Are Groups of a Single Species in One Place
Concept 38.2 Population Growth Depends upon Members' Age and Sex
Concept 38.3 Evolution Favors Life Histories That Maximize Lifetime Reproductive Success
Concept 38.4 Environment Limits Population Growth
Concept 38.5 Resource Availability Regulates Population Growth
Concept 38.6 Earth's Human Population Is Growing Explosively
Concept 38.7 Pandemics and Human Health
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
39 Community Ecology and Ecosystem Dynamics
Concept 39.1 Competition Shapes How Species Live Together in Communities
Concept 39.2 Predator–Prey Relationships Foster Coevolution
Concept 39.3 Cooperation Among Species Can Lead to Coevolution
Concept 39.4 Ecological Succession Is a Consequence of Habitat Alteration
Concept 39.5 Chemical Elements Move Through Ecosystems in Biogeochemical Cycles
Concept 39.6 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems in One Direction
Concept 39.7 Biodiversity May Increase Ecosystem Stability
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
40 The Living World
Concept 40.1 Ecosystems Are Shaped by Sun, Wind, and Water
Concept 40.2 Earth Has 14 Major Terrestrial Ecosystems, Called Biomes
Concept 40.3 Freshwater Habitats Occupy Less Than 2% of Earth's Surface
Concept 40.4 Marine Habitats Dominate the Earth
Concept 40.5 Humanity's Pollution Is Severely Impacting the Biosphere
Concept 40.6 Human Activity Is Altering Earth's Climate
Inquiry & Analysis
Retracing the Learning Path
Assessing the Learning Path
Appendix: Answer Key
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Index
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