Taking an all-inclusive look at the subject, Understanding Autism: From Basic Neuroscience to Treatment reviews state-of-the-art research on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of autism. The book addresses potential mechanisms that may underlie the development of autism and the neural systems that are likely to be affected by these molecular, genetic, and infectious etiologies. It reviews key findings that inform diagnosis, epidemiology, clinical neuroscience, and treatment. The book concludes with a discussion of the economic cost of autism and provides a biomedical and public health perspective of the impact of this devastating disease. With chapters authored by clinical and basic researchers at the forefront of molecular and systems neuroscience, clinical neuroscience, and health economics, the book presents a powerful and comprehensive synthesis of current research on autism and its underlying neural substrates. The book's two editors are considered elite pioneers in this area of research. Dr. Rubenstein was recently elected to the highly prestigious Institute of the Medicine, an honor reserved for those most committed to professional achievement and public service.
Author(s): Steven O. Moldin, John L R Rubenstein
Edition: 1
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2006
Language: English
Commentary: 66374
Pages: 522
Understanding Autism: From Basic Neuroscience to Treatment......Page 2
Foreword......Page 4
Preface......Page 6
REFERENCES......Page 9
Editors......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Contents......Page 17
Table of Contents......Page 18
THE SPECTRUM OF AUTISTIC DISORDERS......Page 19
Social and Communication Deficits in ASD......Page 21
Repetitive and Restricted Behaviors and Interests......Page 22
ASD and Cognitive Impairments......Page 23
Relationship to Sensory and Motor Impairments......Page 24
Macrocephaly in ASD......Page 25
Comorbid Psychiatric Diagnoses......Page 26
DEVELOPMENTAL TRAJECTORIES......Page 27
PROGNOSES FOR ASD......Page 28
NEUROGENETIC SYNDROMES......Page 29
DIAGNOSIS AND ASSESSMENT......Page 30
STANDARDIZED DIAGNOSES......Page 31
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
Table of Contents......Page 41
CONTENTS......Page 42
SURVEY DESCRIPTIONS......Page 43
CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTISTIC SAMPLES......Page 48
UNSPECIFIED PDDs — PDDNOS (PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENT DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED)......Page 49
ASPERGER SYNDROME (AS) AND CHILDHOOD DISINTEGRATIVE DISORDER (CDD)......Page 50
TIME TRENDS......Page 53
REFERRAL STATISTICS......Page 55
COMPARISON OF CROSS-SECTIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SURVEYS......Page 56
REPEAT SURVEYS IN DEFINED GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS......Page 57
SUCCESSIVE BIRTH COHORTS......Page 58
AUTISM, RACE, AND IMMIGRANT STATUS......Page 59
CLUSTER REPORTS......Page 60
CONCLUSION......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
Table of Contents......Page 65
AUTISM: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS......Page 66
EVIDENCE FOR AUTISM AS A GENETIC DISORDER......Page 67
GENETIC MODELS FOR AUTISM SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 68
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES IN AUTISM......Page 69
IDENTIFICATION OF AUTISM SUSCEPTIBILITY GENES......Page 70
LINKAGE ANALYSIS IN AUTISM......Page 71
CANDIDATE GENE STUDIES FOR AUTISM......Page 74
CANDIDATE GENES ON CHROMOSOME 7......Page 75
FUNCTIONAL CANDIDATE GENES: A ROLE FOR OTHER NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN AUTISM......Page 77
LARGE-SCALE ASSOCIATION STUDIES IN AUTISM......Page 78
CONSIDERATIONS FOR COMPLEX DISEASE GENE MAPPING......Page 79
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES......Page 82
ELECTRONIC RESOURCES......Page 83
REFERENCES......Page 84
Table of Contents......Page 91
CONTENTS......Page 92
MAKING SENSE OF COMPLEXITY: THE NEED TO LINK BRAIN, GENES, AND BEHAVIOR......Page 93
CURRENT STATUS OF AUTISM LINKAGE......Page 94
ENDOPHENOTYPES ALSO INFORM THE USE OF ANIMAL MODELS......Page 95
LINKAGE IN LARGE FAMILIES......Page 96
EXTENDING ENDOPHENOTYPE ANALYSIS TO AUTISM: PRELIMINARY SUCCESS OR SIGNS OF TROUBLE?......Page 97
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND COGNITION......Page 98
MODELING OTHER ENDOPHENOTYPES AND THE AUTISM CONTINUUM: STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING......Page 100
THE NEXT STEP — STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (SEM)......Page 101
PHENOTYPIC MODELS......Page 102
GENETIC MODELS......Page 103
APPROACH #2 — MICROARRAY AND BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION: UNTESTED BUT NOT UNWORTHY......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 106
Table of Contents......Page 110
POSSIBILITY OF EPIGENETIC AND DE NOVO FACTORS IN AUTISM......Page 111
EPIGENETICS AND DISEASE......Page 112
GENOMIC IMPRINTING AND DISEASE......Page 113
GENETICS VS. EPIGENETICS IN AUTISM......Page 114
RELEVANCE OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME, RETT SYNDROME, AND CHROMOSOME 15q11-q13......Page 116
RETT SYNDROME AND AUTISM......Page 117
CHROMOSOME 15q11-q13 AND AUTISM......Page 118
POSSIBLE ROLE OF GENES ON THE X OR Y CHROMOSOMES IN AUTISM......Page 121
REFERENCES......Page 123
Table of Contents......Page 127
INTRODUCTION......Page 128
THE GENE CAUSING FRAGILE X: FMR1......Page 129
TRIPLET REPEAT EXPANSION IN FRAGILE X......Page 130
FMRP: THE PROTEIN PRODUCT OF THE DISEASE GENE IN FRAGILE X SYNDROME......Page 131
FMRP AND THE NEURONAL PHENOTYPE IN FRAGILE X SYNDROME......Page 132
FRAGILE X THERAPEUTICS......Page 135
ETIOLOGY OF AUTISM......Page 136
FINDING THE DISEASE-CAUSING GENE: INSIGHT FROM FRAGILE X......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 138
Table of Contents......Page 146
INTRODUCTION......Page 147
FEAR CONDITIONING AS A MODEL SYSTEM FOR STUDYING EMOTIONAL LEARNING AND MEMORY......Page 148
ACQUIRING FEARS TO DANGER SIGNALS: ROLE OF THE AMYGDALA......Page 150
PREFRONTAL–AMYGDALA INTERACTIONS DURING FEAR EXTINCTION......Page 153
THE HIPPOCAMPUS AND FEAR OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS......Page 155
NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN BRAIN-LESIONED PATIENTS......Page 157
FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING OF CONDITIONED FEAR PATHWAYS......Page 158
FEAR CONDITIONING IN ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 159
CONCLUSIONS......Page 161
REFERENCES......Page 162
Table of Contents......Page 168
INTRODUCTION......Page 169
CEREBELLAR STRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS IN AUTISM......Page 170
CEREBELLO-LIMBIC CIRCUIT......Page 172
CEREBELLO-THALAMO-CORTICAL CIRCUIT......Page 173
MACROARCHITECTURE OF CEREBRO-CEREBELLAR LOOPS......Page 177
WHAT IS THE FULL EXTENT OF THE CEREBELLAR INFLUENCE OVER THE CEREBRAL CORTEX?......Page 180
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
Table of Contents......Page 188
INTRODUCTION......Page 189
PRAGMATIC DEFICITS......Page 190
Conversational Discourse......Page 191
GRAMMAR AND LEXICON......Page 192
Grammatical Abilities......Page 193
Neuroimaging Studies......Page 195
PRAGMATICS AND THEORY OF MIND......Page 197
GRAMMAR, LEXICON, AND THE PDH......Page 199
Grammar......Page 202
Nonlinguistic Procedural System Functions......Page 203
Conceptual Knowledge......Page 205
Learning in Declarative Memory......Page 206
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION......Page 207
REFERENCES......Page 208
Table of Contents......Page 217
INTRODUCTION......Page 218
STRUCTURE......Page 219
DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX: CAUDAL, DORSAL, AND VENTRAL......Page 220
VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX: ORBITAL AND MEDIAL......Page 222
CONNECTIONS......Page 223
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS......Page 224
PARIETAL CONNECTIONS OF CAUDOLATERAL PREFRONTAL REGION......Page 226
NONSENSORY ASSOCIATIONS OF DORSOMEDIAL AND MEDIAL PREFRONTAL REGIONS......Page 227
ORBITAL CORTEX: FOOD AND REWARD?......Page 228
VENTROLATERAL CONVEXITY: OBJECT-RELATED SELECTION AND JUDGMENT, WORKING MEMORY AND LANGUAGE?......Page 229
DORSOMEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX: MONITORING OF SELF-REFERENTIAL INFORMATION?......Page 231
MEDIAL PREFRONTAL NETWORK: VISCERAL MODULATION, EMOTION, AND MONITORING OF INTERNAL STATE?......Page 232
REFERENCES......Page 234
Table of Contents......Page 238
CONTENTS......Page 239
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: WHAT AND WHERE......Page 240
Electrophysiological Recording and Functional Neuroimaging Studies......Page 241
The Amygdala Assigns an Emotional Significance to Social Stimuli......Page 243
Behavioral Changes Resulting from Damage to the Amygdala in Adult Macaque Monkeys......Page 244
Behavioral Changes Resulting from Damage to the Amygdala in Neonatal Macaque Monkeys......Page 245
Human Patients with Amygdala Lesions......Page 248
Functional MRI Studies of the Amygdala in Autism......Page 261
Structural MRI Studies of the Amygdala in Autism......Page 262
Postmortem Studies of the Amygdala in Autism......Page 264
Amygdala Dysfunction May Contribute to Symptoms of Autism......Page 267
Abnormal Amygdala Function May Impact Social Processing......Page 268
CONCLUSIONS......Page 269
REFERENCES......Page 270
Table of Contents......Page 277
AUTISM AND THE THALAMUS......Page 278
INTRATHALAMIC AND CORTICOTHALAMIC NEURONAL CIRCUITRY......Page 279
THALAMIC PROJECTIONS OF GLUTAMATERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC BRAIN STEM RETICULAR NEURONS......Page 282
BASAL FOREBRAIN PROJECTIONS TO THE THALAMUS......Page 285
BRAIN STEM–THALAMIC NEURONS DURING TONIC AND PHASIC ACTIVATION PROCESSES......Page 286
MODULATORY ACTIONS ON THALAMOCORTICAL AND THALAMIC INHIBITORY NEURONS......Page 292
REFERENCES......Page 295
Table of Contents......Page 299
INTRODUCTION......Page 300
X CHROMOSOME LOCI......Page 302
OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN......Page 303
SEROTONIN......Page 304
DLX......Page 306
ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR......Page 307
DEER MOUSE......Page 308
THALIDOMIDE AND VALPROIC ACID......Page 309
MATERNAL INFECTION......Page 311
POSTNATAL VACCINATION......Page 313
AMYGDALA......Page 314
CEREBELLUM......Page 315
REFERENCES......Page 316
Table of Contents......Page 325
INTRODUCTION......Page 326
NEUROANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS......Page 327
THE LIMBIC SYSTEM......Page 328
THE CEREBELLUM AND BRAIN STEM......Page 329
NOREPINEPHRINE......Page 331
SEROTONIN......Page 332
ACETYLCHOLINE......Page 334
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 338
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 339
REFERENCES......Page 340
Table of Contents......Page 345
INTRODUCTION......Page 346
SOCIAL DEFICITS AS THE HALLMARK OF AUTISM......Page 347
THEORETICAL UNDERSTANDING OF SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION IN AUTISM......Page 348
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL DEFICITS IN AUTISM......Page 349
Joint Attention......Page 350
BRAIN MECHANISMS IN AUTISM......Page 351
Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Social Cognition......Page 357
Face Identity Perception......Page 353
Neural Bases of Face Recognition......Page 354
Facial Expression Perception......Page 355
The Neural Basis of Facial Expression Perception......Page 356
STUDIES OF SOCIAL PERCEPTION......Page 352
SOCIAL MOTIVATION......Page 358
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 360
REFERENCES......Page 361
Table of Contents......Page 371
INTRODUCTION......Page 372
BRAIN SIZE AND HEAD SIZE IN AUTISM......Page 373
Early Childhood......Page 375
Late Childhood through Adulthood......Page 377
Neuropathological Findings......Page 381
CEREBELLUM......Page 382
LIMBIC SYSTEM......Page 383
MECHANISMS......Page 384
POSSIBLE ABNORMALITIES OF NEUROPROLIFERATION......Page 385
POSSIBLE INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES......Page 387
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN NEUROIMAGING......Page 388
ADVANCES IN MRI SCANNER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE......Page 389
VBM — A Controversial Quantitation Technique......Page 390
Surface Reconstruction and Morphology......Page 393
DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING, DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING, WHITE MATTER ORIENTATION, AND TRACTOGRAPHY......Page 394
CONCLUSION......Page 395
REFERENCES......Page 396
Table of Contents......Page 400
CONTENTS......Page 401
INTRODUCTION......Page 402
THE COMPLEX INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL......Page 403
FURTHER ARTICULATION OF WHAT “COMPLEX INFORMATION PROCESSING” MEANS......Page 407
CONFIRMATION OF REDUCED INFORMATION PROCESSING CAPACITY......Page 409
UNDERCONNECTIVITY AND OVERCONNECTIVITY OF NEOCORTICAL SYSTEMS......Page 410
ANOTHER ASPECT OF THE INFORMATION PROCESSING IMPAIRMENT: LOCAL-GLOBAL PROCESSING......Page 411
EXTENDING THE LOCAL-GLOBAL PROCESSING ACCOUNT TO HIGH-LEVEL TASKS......Page 413
EXECUTIVE FUNCTION AND ABSTRACTION: THE NONSOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS IN AUTISM......Page 414
ABSTRACT REASONING......Page 415
DEFICITS IN PART-WHOLE PROCESSING AND IN ABSTRACTION: A BASIS FOR RESTRICTED AND REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR......Page 416
EARLY SOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS......Page 417
FACE PROCESSING: EARLY EMERGING IMPAIRMENTS......Page 418
EXPLANATIONS FOR FACE PROCESSING IMPAIRMENTS......Page 420
THEORY OF MIND (TOM)......Page 422
OCULOMOTOR PHYSIOLOGY......Page 424
POSTURAL PHYSIOLOGY......Page 426
CONCLUSION......Page 427
CLOSING COMMENTS......Page 428
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 430
Table of Contents......Page 437
INTRODUCTION......Page 438
PSYCHOSTIMULANTS......Page 439
ALPHA2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS......Page 442
INTERFERING STEREOTYPICAL AND REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR......Page 443
CLOMIPRAMINE......Page 444
FLUVOXAMINE......Page 445
OTHER SSRIs......Page 446
HALOPERIDOL......Page 447
RISPERIDONE......Page 449
OLANZAPINE......Page 450
QUETIAPINE......Page 451
ARIPIPRAZOLE......Page 452
DRUGS AFFECTING GLUTAMATE FUNCTION......Page 453
D-CYCLOSERINE......Page 454
SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 455
COACTIVE PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT STRATEGIES......Page 456
REFERENCES......Page 457
Table of Contents......Page 463
CONTENTS......Page 464
STUDIES USING A DIDACTIC BEHAVIORAL APPROACH......Page 465
THE NATURALISTIC BEHAVIORAL LANGUAGE INTERVENTIONS......Page 467
DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE APPROACHES......Page 469
Adult Use of Dyadic Engagement......Page 471
Peer-Mediated Interactions......Page 472
Peers as Tutors......Page 473
SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING......Page 474
REPETITIVE AND RESTRICTIVE BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE......Page 476
THE WORK OF IVAR LOVAAS AND COLLEAGUES......Page 479
DEVELOPMENTALLY ORIENTED TREATMENTS......Page 481
NEW APPROACHES......Page 483
CONCLUSIONS......Page 484
REFERENCES......Page 485
Table of Contents......Page 494
CONTENTS......Page 495
INTRODUCTION......Page 496
COMPONENTS OF COST......Page 497
SOURCES OF COSTS AND METHODS FOR CONSTRUCTING COST ESTIMATES......Page 498
METHODS......Page 500
Physician, Outpatient, and Clinic Services......Page 502
Complementary and Alternative Therapies......Page 503
Behavioral Therapies......Page 504
Allied Health, Equipment, Supplies, and Home Health......Page 505
Child Care......Page 506
Special Education......Page 507
Supported Employment......Page 508
Other......Page 509
Productivity Losses of Parents of People with Autism......Page 510
RESULTS AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSES......Page 511
DISCUSSION......Page 513
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 517
REFERENCES......Page 518
