Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk, Volume 2: From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation

Organizational Structure of the Fifth World Landslide Forum
Organizers
Co-sponsors
Supporting Organizations with Finance
Organizing Committee
Foreword by Mami Mizutori
Foreword by the Assistant Director-General for the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO for the Book of the 5th World Landslide Forum
Preface I
Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk
Book Series: ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk
The Letter of Intent 2005 and the First General Assembly 2005
The 2006 Tokyo Action Plan and the First World Landslide Forum 2008
The Second World Landslide Forum 2011 and the Third World Landslide Forum 2014
The Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015 and the Fourth World Landslide Forum 2017
The Fifth World Landslide Forum 2020 and the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020
Call for Partners of KLC2020
Eligible Organizations to be Partners of the KLC2020
Appendix: World Landslide Forum Books
Preface II
Volume 2 From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation
Contents
1 Introduction to the Volume ‘From Mapping to Hazard and Risk Zonation’
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Keynotes
2 Landslide Recognition and Mapping for Slope Disaster Risk Reduction and Management–Keynote Speech
Abstract
Introduction
Landslide Recognition
Simple Recap of Mapping
Descriptions of Landslides, Body Material Characteristics, Movements, and Topography
Landslide Recognition by Mapping
Actual Mapping
Landslide Topographic Area Mapping
Evaluating Landslide Reactivation Potential
Landslide Risk for Areas with Artificial Land Reclamation Areas
Mapping Landslide Potential
New Approach for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
Advanced Information Mapping for Landslide Countermeasures and Management
Landslide Mapping Through World Digital 3D Mapping (AW3D) and Google Earth
Landslide Topography Identification by Airborne Laser Measurement Data
Combining Landslide Recognition and Mapping for Future Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Projects
Repeated UAV and SfM Data Collection for Landslide Dislocation Monitoring
Visualization and Mapping of the Massive Landslide Using 5 m DEM
After Visualization: Time of Treating the Data of Scales Free
Micro　feature Mapping Using Laser Data and 3D Model Validation
Integrated Consideration by Innovation and Breakthrough to Common Recognition for Stake Holders from 3D Mapping
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
3 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Interpretation of Aerial Photographs, AHP and Precise DEM
Abstract
Introduction
Understanding Geomorphological Processes from Landform
Aerial Photograph Interpretation Focused on Landslide
Example of Landslide Interpretation by Aerial Photo on Different Scale of Topographic Map
Mapping Scale, Method and Targets of LSM Work
Middle Scale Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Combined with Aerial Photo Interpretation and AHP
What is Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)?
Topographic Features as Attributing Factors
Sharpness and Clearness of Micro-topography Formed by Landslide
Fragmentation of a Primary Block into Sub-blocks
Profile of Landslide Mass and Toe Part
Erodibility of Toe Part of Landslide Mass
Water Collectability from Upper Slope of Landslide Crown
Land Cover, Artificial Change and Habitation on Landslide Mass
Weighting System for Susceptibility Assessment of Landslide
Hierarchical Level II of Landslide Susceptibility
Hierarchical Level III
Weighting System
Improved Weighting System for Hilly Area in Tegucigarpa
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Large Scale Combining Ground Truth and Aerial Photo Interpretation Based on AHP
Susceptibility Mapping Using Precise DEM
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Landslide Recognition and Mapping
4 New Landslide Inventory Map of the Sudetes Mountains (South-Western Poland)
Abstract
Introduction
Landslide Maps in the Polish Part of the Sudetes
Study Area
Geographical Settings
Geological Settings
Material and Methods
Results
Comparison with Archival Landslide Maps
Landslides in Mining Areas
Updated Landslide Inventory Map
Geological Factors of Landslides Occurrence
Discussion
Conclusions
References
5 Gullies as Landforms for Landslide Initiation—Examples from the Dubračina River Basin (Croatia)
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 Object-Oriented Automatic Landslide Detection from High Resolution Digital Elevation Model—Opportunities and Challenges Based on a Case Study in the Polish Carpathians
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Data Used
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
7 Can Repeat LiDAR Surveys Locate Future Massive Landslides?
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
8 Semi-automatic Landslide Inventory Mapping with Multiresolution Segmentation Process: A Case Study from Ulus District (Bartin, NW Turkey)
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Image Segmentation Process
ANN Analyses
Results and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Landslide Mapping Based on UAV Photogrammetry Using SfM—The Prnjavor Čuntićki Landslide Case Study, Croatia
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
UAV Photogrammetric Mapping
SfM Photogrammetry
Field Mapping
Results
Point Cloud
Landslide Models
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
10 Developing Recognition and Simple Mapping by UAV/SfM for Local Resident in Mountainous Area in Vietnam—A Case Study in Po Xi Ngai Community, Laocai Province
Abstract
Introduction
Research Methodology
Characteristics of Research Area
Research Results
Discussions
Conclusions
References
11 Landslide Activity Classification Based on Sentinel-1 Satellite Radar Interferometry Data
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Updating Landslide Activity State and Intensity by Means of Persistent Scatterer Interferometry
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Data Used
Study Area
Data Used
Methodology
PSI Processing
Post-processing
Landslide Activity State Updating
Landslide Intensity State Updating
Results
Field Investigation
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
13 Damming Predisposition of River Networks: A Mapping Methodology
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Materials
Method
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
References
14 Landslides Along Halong-Vandon Expressway in Quang Ninh Province, Vietnam
Abstract
Introduction
Study Methods
Regional and Geological Settings
Results and Discussions
Characteristics and Causes of Landslides
Physical Mechanism of the Selected Landslide Case at Km 27 + 950 by Ring Shear Test
Rainfall Analysis
Conclusions
References
Landslide Hazard Assessment and Zonation—Susceptibility Modelling
15 New Data on Geological Conditions of Landslide Activity on Vorobyovy Gory (Moscow, Russia)
Abstract
Introduction
Geological Setting
Area Characteristic
Geology
Characteristic of Landslide Accumulations
Conclusions
References
16 Impact of Agricultural Management in Vineyards to Landslides Susceptibility in Italian Apennines
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Study Area
Test-Sites
Evaluation of the Soil Properties
Evaluation of Root Density and Reinforcement
Probabilistic Assessment of Failure Probability
Results
Soil Properties
Root Density and Reinforcement
Failure Probability
Discussions and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
17 Landslide Susceptibility in Two Secondary Rivers of La Ciénega Watershed, Nevado de Toluca Volcano, Mexico.
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Study Area
Method
Results
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
18 An Ordinal Scale Weighting Approach for Susceptibility Mapping Around Tehri Dam, Uttarakhand, India
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Geological Setting
Data Used and Methodology
Selection of Parameters for LSZ Map
Slope and Relative Relief
Structure and Lithology
Land Use and Land Cover
Drainage
Landslide Distribution
Methodology
Weightage and Rating of the Data Layers
Results and Discussions
Landslide Susceptibility Zonation
Conclusions
References
19 Potential Analysis of Deep-Seated Landslides Caused by Typhoon Morakot Using Slope Unit
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Mapping of the Deep-Seated Landslides
Study Area
Mapping of the Deep-Seated Landslides
Delineation of Slope Unit
Discriminant Analysis for Potential Assessment
Causal Factors
Discriminant Analysis
Results of Potential Analysis of the Deep-Seated Landslide
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
20 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment Using Binary Logistic Regression in Northern Philippines
Abstract
Introduction
Data and Methods
Generation of Landslide Inventory and Derivation of Factors
Implementation of BLR
Model Evaluation
Results and Discussion
Landslide Inventory
Multicollinearity Test
BLR Model
Landslide Susceptibility
Model Performance
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
21 Landslide Hazard Mapping of Penang Island Malaysia Based on Multilayer Perceptron Approach
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Data Set
Methodology
Result and Discussions
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
22 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Based on the Deep Belief Network: A Case Study in Sichuan Province, China
Abstract
Introduction
Description of Landslide Dataset
Overview of the Study Area
Historical Landslide Dataset
Digital Data of Triggering Factors
Methodology
Deep Belief Network (DBN)
Deep Belief Network (DBN)
Results
Results by DBN
Results by LR
Results by BPNN
Discussions
Results Comparison
Accuracy Evaluation Using ROC Curves
Sensitivity to the Triggering Factors
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
23 A Comparative Study of Deep Learning and Conventional Neural Network for Evaluating Landslide Susceptibility Using Landslide Initiation Zones
Abstract
Introduction
Case Study
Materials
Construction of Coseismic Landslide Inventory
Causative Factors
Methods
Artificial Neural Network
Deep Learning
Collinearity Analysis
Performance Evaluation
Results and Discussion
Rank Importance of Factors
Earthquake-triggered LSM
Model Validation
Discussion
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
24 Landslide Susceptibility Assessment by Ensemble-Based Machine Learning Models
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Geological and Geomorphological Setting
Data and Methods
Landslide Inventory
Predisposing Factors
Modeling Procedures
Ensemble Modeling
Results and Conclusions
Ensemble Forecasting
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
25 Application of Machine Learning Algorithms and Their Ensemble for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Data Preparation
Geological Characteristic of the Region
Landslide Inventory Map
Landslide Conditioning Factors
Topography Factors
Hydrological Factors
Topographic Roughness Index (TRI)
Lithology and Land Use/Cover (LULC)
Distance to Fault and Distance to Road
Methodology
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
References
26 Overcoming Data Scarcity Related Issues for Landslide Susceptibility Modeling with Machine Learning
Abstract
Introduction
Data and Methodology
Study Areas
Input Data
Modeling
Landslide Inventories
Improving a High Uncertainty Landslide Inventory with Slope Units
Underrepresentation of Landslide Cases
Input Factor Sets—Sometimes More Is More
Maximizing Information
The Role of Lithological Information—Can Less Be Ok?
Conclusions
Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
27 Practical Accounting for Uncertainties in Data-Driven Landslide Susceptibility Models. Examples from the Lanzhou Case Study
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Bias-Related Uncertainty in Data-Driven LSA
Uncertainty Related to Sampling Error
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
28 Assessment of Shallow Landslides Susceptibility Using SHALSTAB and SINMAP at Serra Do Mar, Brazil
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Landform and Rainfall Database
Input Geotechnical Parameters
Physically-Based Models
Performance Assessment
Results and Discussions
Shalstab
SINMAP
Comparative Performance Analysis
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
29 Regional Slope Stability Analysis in Landslide Hazard Assessment Context, North Macedonia Example
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Inputs
Deterministic Models
Study Area
The Polog Region General Characteristics
Previous Landslide Assessment of the Polog Region
Results
Translational Shallow Landslide Model
Flow Landslide Model
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
30 Applying the Newmark Model in the Assessment of Earthquake Triggered Landslides During the 2017 Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake, China
Abstract
Introduction
Landslides Triggered by the Ms 7.0 Jiuzhaigou Earthquake
Methods and Data
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
31 Evaluation of Secondary Landslide Susceptibility for the Rescue Activity Using LiDAR UAV Data
Abstract
Introduction
The Topographical Data (DEMs) and Geological Units
The Geological and Geomorphological Setting of the Yabakei Landslide
The Results and Discussions
The Difference of the Elevations
Topographic Features Classification
Evaluation of Secondary Landslide Susceptibility for Rescue Activity
The Reasons of the Time Lag Landslide
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
32 Methodology for Landslides Assessment Causing River Channel Obstructions and the Consequent Water Shortage in Rural Communities
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Study Case
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Landslide Hazard Assessment and Zonation—Temporal and Size Modelling
33 Landslide Size Distribution Characteristics of Cretaceous and Eocene Flysch Assemblages in the Western Black Sea Region of Turkey
Abstract
Introduction
Characteristics of the Study Area
Eocene Flysch
Cretaceous Flysch
Landslide Size Distributions
Discussion and Conclusions
References
34 A Statistical Exploratory Analysis of Inventoried Slide-Type Movements for South Tyrol (Italy)
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Data
South Tyrol
Landslide Data and Environmental Factors
Methods
Data Preparation
Exploratory Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
35 Assessing Landslide Volume for Landform Hazard Zoning Purposes
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Method
Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
36 Empirical Relationships to Estimate the Probability of Runout Exceedance for Various Landslide Types
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Landslide Types Considered in This Study
Results
Dry or Seismically-Triggered Debris Avalanche and Rock Avalanche
Rock Avalanche Travelling on Glacier
Wet or Rainfall-Triggered Debris Avalanches
Wet or Rainfall-Triggered Debris Flows
Discussion
Limitation of Empirical-Probabilistic Approach
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
37 Rapid Sensitivity Analysis for Reducing Uncertainty in Landslide Hazard Assessments
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Materials and Methods
Source Area Characterization
Hydraulic and Soil Strength Parameter Compilation
Infiltration and Slope Stability Model Initial and Boundary Conditions
Slope-Stability Modelling
Results
Source-Area Characteristics
Parameter Ranges
Model Results
Discussion and Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
38 Applying Debris Flow Simulation for Detailed Hazard and Risk Mapping
Abstract
Introduction
Simulation Target and Methods
Debris Flow Occurred in 2014 Hiroshima
Debris Flow Simulation System
Landform Data Settings
Other Simulation Settings
Simulation Results
Conclusions and Future Works
Acknowledgements
References
39 Debris-Flow Peak Discharge Calculation Model Based on Erosion Zoning
Abstract
Introduction
Debris-Flow Peak Discharge Calculation Model
Model Application in Qipan Catchment
Study Area
Parameter Settings
Result and Discussion
Peak Discharge Calculation
Verification
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
40 Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Landslides in Tomioka City, Gunma Prefecture, Japan (Oct 2019) Based on a Simple Prediction Model
Abstract
Introduction
The Simple Prediction Model
Landslides in Tomioka City, Gunma, Japan
Numerical Simulation
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
41 Rainfall-Induced Lahar Occurrences Shortly After Eruptions and Its Initiation Processes in Japan
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Occurrence of Frequent Rainfall-Induce Lahars in Japan
Time-Series Relationship Among Eruptions, Rainfalls and Lahar Occurrences
The Usu 1977 Eruption
The Unzen 1990 Eruption
The Miyakejima 2000 Eruption
Initiation Processes of Rainfall-Induced Lahars
Characteristics of Rainfall-Induced Lahars
Conclusions
References
42 Spatiotemporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety Along Railway Engineering Using a Novel Method: A Case Study of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, China
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Results
Spatial Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
Natural Environment
Effect of Historical Hazard Cases on the Railway
Construction Damage to the Original Landform
Importance of the Railway
Spatial Assessment Using MEEM, GCM, and SVM
Temporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
Spatiotemporal Assessment of Geological Hazard Safety
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
43 Slope Stability and Landslide Hazard in Volubilis Archaeological Site (Morocco)
Abstract
Introduction
Volubilis Archaeological Site
Setting and Geology
Field Survey
Slope Instability Analysis
Walls Inclination
Inclination Mapping
Soil Characteristics
Marls Mineralogy
Atterberg Limits
Oedometric Tests
Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements
References
Landslide Data and Information for Disaster Mitigation
44 Slope Hazard and Risk Mapping Project (PBRC)—An Overview of Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Advanced and Modern Geospatial Technique
Field Data Collection
Database Development and Preparation
Landslide Susceptibility Assessment
Hazard and Risk Assessment
Geotechnical Risk Assessment
Outputs and Applications
Derivative Maps and Technical Reports
National Geospatial Terrain and Slope Information System (NaTSIS)
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
45 Risk-Informed Land Use Planning for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study of Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Landslide Inventory Mapping and Causal Factor Analysis
Spatio-temporal Land Use Changes and Hazard Zonation
Impact of Land Use Changes on Landslide
Result and Discussion
Landslide Inventory Map
Land Use Changes and Hazard Zonation
Impact of Land Use Changes on Landslide Occurrence
Mainstreaming DRR into Development Planning
Conclusion and Recommendation
Acknowledgements
References
46 Landslides in Steep-Slope Agricultural Landscapes
Abstract
Background
Remote Sensing
Techniques
Digital Terrain Analysis
Modelling
Final Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
47 From Satellite Images to Field Survey: A Complete Scheme of Landslide InSAR Monitoring
Abstract
Introduction
Methodology
Satellite Data Processing and Data-Mining
Radar-Interpretation
Dissemination to Hydrogeological Risk Management Actors
Field Survey and Preliminary Risk Assessment
Practical Examples
Bosmatto Landslide, Valle d’Aosta Region
Zeri Landslide, Toscana Region
Conclusion and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
48 Slope Disaster Risk Reduction Map as a Communication Tool for Community Based DRR in Japan and Vietnam
Abstract
Background to Making Useful Maps in the Area
From the Perspective of Local Residents
A Paradigm Shift in Mapping Technology
Communication Based DRR Mapping
Summary
Reference
Landslide Vulnerability of People, Communities and the Built Environment
49 People Vulnerability to Landslide: Risky Behaviours and Dangerous Conditions by Gender and Age
Abstract
Introduction
Data on Landslide Fatalities in Italy
Gender and Age
Times of the Day and Places
Circumstances
Gender and Age Analysis
Discussion
Conclusion
References
50 Using Mixed-Methods to Understand Community Vulnerability to Debris Flows in Montecito, CA
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Vulnerability Assessment
The Spatial Component of Vulnerability
The Temporal Component of Vulnerability
Methods
Literature Review
Quantitative Survey Design
Qualitative Interview Design
Data Analysis
Study Area: Montecito, CA
Results and Discussion
The Spatial Component of Vulnerability
The Temporal Component of Vulnerability
Conclusion
References
51 Innovation in Analysis and Forecasting of Vulnerability to Slow-Moving Landslides
Abstract
Introduction
Proposed Approach
Results
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
52 Sentinel-1 PSI Data for the Evaluation of Landslide Geohazard and Impact
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Geomorphological Setting
Input Data
Step-by-Step Methodology
Results
Evaluation of Landslide Intensity
Evaluation of Vulnerability and Exposure of the Elements at Risk
Evaluation of Potential Worth of Loss
Discussion and Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
53 On the Use of UAVs for Landslide Exposure of Households: La Gloria Neighbourhood, Teziutlán, Puebla
Abstract
Introduction
Teziutlán, Puebla: General Context
Landslide Exposure: Methodology
Results
Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
54 Ordinal Logistic Regression to Automatic Classify Shallow Landslide Risk Level in Sao Paulo City, Brazil
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Risk Areas in Brazil
Landslide Assessment Methodologies
Method
Dataset
Classifiers Selection and Model
Comparison of Models and Cross Validation
The Application
Result and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
55 Site-Specific Risk Assessment of Buildings Exposed to Rock Fall in India—a Case Study
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Physical Vulnerability (PV)
Proximity of the Buildings from the Rock Fall Prone Region
Case Study
Discussion and Conclusions
References
56 Cutting-Edge Technologies Aiming for Better Outcomes of Landslide Disaster Mitigation
Marui & Co. Ltd.
Nippon Koei Co. Ltd.
OSASI Technos, Inc.
Godai Corporation
Japan Conservation Engineers & Co. Ltd.
OYO Corporation
Kokusai Kogyo Co. Ltd.
Geobrugg AG
Ellegi Srl
Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation
IDS GeoRadar S.R.L
METER Group, Inc
Asia Air Survey Co. Ltd.
Kiso-Jiban Consultants Co. Ltd.
Okuyama Boring Co. Ltd.
Kawasaki Geological Engineering Co. Ltd.
Nissaku Co. Ltd.
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