List of figures
Figure 1.1. Locations of participating institutions in the Uncovering Pacific Pasts exhibition.
Figure 1.2. Distribution of source locations of Uncovering Pacific Pasts collections.
Figure 1.3. Carved Conus shells on display at the British Museum.
Figure 3.1. Archaeologists using surface supply breathing apparatus excavate wooden clubs from the stern of HMS Pandora.
Figure 3.2. Adze.
Figure 3.3. Adze.
Figure 3.4. Detail of carving on club.
Figure 4.1. Examples of pages (pp. 10–11) of Péron’s published pamphlet with annotations by his reviewer Adanson.
Figure 4.2. First page of Péron’s pamphlet showing dated signature of Adanson on top (‘Travel to the South Pole, diseases, medicine. [20 July 1800] Adanson’.).
Figure 4.3. Adanson’s comments on Péron’s pamphlet, p. 9: ‘no he is ignorant’.
Figure 4.4. Adanson’s comments on Péron’s pamphlet, p. 11: ‘M. Péron is wrong not to distinguish the savage […] from the natural man’.
Figure 5.1. Hawaiian ki‘i (front side).
Figure 5.2. Hawaiian ki‘i (back side).
Figure 5.3. Vladimir Sviatlovsky. Image is in public domain, created in the 1900s.
Figure 5.4. Dmitry Anuchin. Image is in public domain, created in 1882.
Figure 5.5. Alexandra Corsini (left) visiting Leo Tolstoy and his wife, 1909.
Figure 6.1. Watercolour painting of a man wearing a loincloth, hair decorations, necklace and bracelets, with a barbed spear, club and other object.
Figure 6.2. Watercolour painting of a woman wearing a necklace and bracelets, and carrying a basket.
Figure 7.1. Nelcau-Am̃oñ or kava bowl from Aneityum, Vanuatu.
Figure 9.1. Flaked stone tools from the Rakaia River Mouth site.
Figure 9.2. The Duff Type 1A ‘horned’ adze with its quadrangular cross-section and marked tang is the most distinctive of the early archaic East Polynesian adze suite.
Figure 9.3. Duff Type 1A from Bora Bora, collected by Reverend J. Arundel in 1838.
Figure 10.1. A large stone adze head (unhafted) with a roughly worked surface, collected in the Hawaiian Islands.
Figure 10.2. A pounder (penu) carved from coral, collected at Paea, Tahiti.
Figure 10.3. A finely carved tiki-headed pounder (popoi) in Janus form, collected in the Marquesas Islands.
Figure 10.4. Tahitian god image (ti‘i) purchased by Stolpe between May and June 1884.
Figure 10.5. Hjalmar Stolpe alongside Kanakea, a local guide, photographed removing a skull from a burial cave at Paea, Tahiti.
Figure 11.1. Harry Egmont Fookes (1868–1947): Portrait of Stephenson Percy Smith, founder of the Polynesian Society.
Figure 11.2. Hemus & Hanna: Stephenson Percy Smith (1840–1922) (left) and annotated reverse (right).
Figure 11.3. Stephenson Percy Smith (1840–1922): Scene on the Mokau River, 7 January 1858.
Figure 11.4. Stephenson Percy Smith: The Polynesian Society.
Figure 11.5. George Neville Sturtevant (1858–1937): Testimonial presented to Stephenson Percy Smith, Surveyor-General and Secretary of Crown Lands.
Figure 12.1. Members of the Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Torres Strait with their assistants shortly after their arrival on Mer.
Figure 12.2. Maino, the Mamoose (chief) of Tudu and Yam, sitting behind the stone grinding slab.
Figure 12.3. Gabagaba club with large biconvex stone head secured with fine binding on a bamboo handle.
Figure 12.4. Cygnet Repu painting his maternal totem (awgadh), the kaigas (shovel-nose skate), on a rock off to the side of the Pulu kod, Torres Strait, 2001.
Figure 12.5. Model of Waiet holding a drum.
Figure 12.6. Excavation of Square B at Ne on Waier with (left to right) Glenn van der Kolk, James Zaro and Sunny Passi, July 2016.
Figure 13.1. Conus shells, collected by C.A.W. Monckton in Wanigela.
Figure 13.2. Upturned dish.
Figure 13.3. Woman’s barkcloth, acquired by Percy Money.
Figure 13.4. Registration slip for a woman’s barkcloth, acquired by Rev. Abbot.
Figure 13.5. Registration slip for a man’s bark loincloth, collected by Rev. Abbott.
Figure 13.6. A man’s barkcloth, acquired by Percy Money.
Figure 14.1. Rudolf Pöch, b. 1870, d. 1921 (undated).
Figure 14.2. Some of the potsherds excavated at Wanigela, Collingwood Bay, British New Guinea (now Oro Province, PNG), 1905.
Figure 14.3. Engraved Conus shell excavated at Wanigela, Collingwood Bay, British New Guinea (now Oro Province, PNG), 1905.
Figure 14.4. Government cutter Murúa in Tufi Harbour, Cape Nelson, British New Guinea (now Oro Province, PNG), 1905.
Figure 14.5. Excavations in Wanigela, Collingwood Bay, British New Guinea (now Oro Province, PNG), 1905.
Figure 15.1. Father Otto Meyer (1877–1937) and companions at Rakival, Watom Island, c. 1903.
Figure 15.2. Location map of Watom Island.
Figure 15.3. Potsherds donated by Meyer, clearly from the same pot.
Figure 15.4. Potsherds donated by Meyer, almost certainly from the same pot.
Figure 15.5. ‘Three excavation profiles from the trenches where the pottery was found, map of Father O. Meyer’.
Figure 16.1. Shell trumpet, probably Charonia tritonis, one of two excavated by Paul Hambruch at Pahnkedira, Nan Madol, Pohnpei, 1910.
Figure 16.2. Paul Hambruch seated on the western wall of the lolong of Inas, Pohnpei, 1910.
Figure 16.3. The keimw en Sokehs (Sokehs corner) of Pahnkedira, seen from Idehd, Nan Madol, Pohnpei, 1910.
Figure 16.4. From left to right: Tuhen, Wilhelm (Auntol en Aru), Masasion and Ettekar, Hambruch’s assistants during his visit to Nan Madol.
Figure 16.5. From left to right: Ettekar, Tuhen, Auntol en Aru (all standing), Nos en Matolenim (the noahs of Madolenihmw), Nalaim en Matolenim (the nahlaimw of Madolenihmw), unidentified individual (all seated).
Figure 17.1. Letter from Thomas G. Thrum to J.F.G. Stokes providing information on various heiau sites in the Kona district of Hawai‘i Island, dated 4 September 1906.
Figure 17.2. Inked map drafted by John F.G. Stokes of Kaho‘olawe showing archaeological site locations.
Figure 17.3. Annotated photo of the Kamōhio site; Kaho‘olawe, Hawai‘i.
Figure 17.4. Digital scan of a bone fishhook collected by John F.G. Stokes during excavations of the Kamōhio site; Kamōhio Bay, Kaho‘olawe.
Figure 17.5. Carved echinoderm spines from the Kamōhio site. Originally published as Figure 15 in Archaeology of Kahoolawe by J. Gilbert McAllister (Bishop Museum Bulletin 115).
Figure 18.1. Map of Rapa Nui showing key places or sites.
Figure 18.2. Katherine Pease Routledge (1866–1935) c. 1919.
Figure 18.3. Selected pieces of Katherine Routledge’s monogrammed silverware.
Figure 18.4. Boxwood alidade by Stanley, London with leather case (left); binoculars with leather case lined in blue silk (background); brass directional compass (foreground) and round wood case containing a sparkplug for yacht Mana (right).
Figure 18.5. The Challenge Cup presented to William Scoresby Routledge by the Royal Cruising Club, London, 1917. Shapland Silversmith, London.
Figure 18.6. Two woodcarvings by the late Cristóbal Pakarati Tepano (d. c. 2000), former carver and leader within the Rapanui crafts industry encouraged by Juan Tepano Rano: moai kavakava (50 cm) and moai taŋata (30 cm).
Figure 20.1. Model of an outrigger canoe (vaka) from Tatakoto Atoll in the Tuamotu Islands, collected by Alexander Agassiz while aboard the US Fish Commission steamer Albatross 1904–05.
Figure 20.2. Hevehe and eharo masks from the Elema District of Papua New Guinea, on display at the Peabody Museum, c. 1893. Museum Collection.
Figure 20.3. Postcard labelled ‘Native Woman South. Aust’.
Figure 20.4. Samoan siapo‘elei (barkcloth decorated using the rubbing or imprinting method) ‘sent to Dr. Dixon by his Fiji boy’.
Figure 20.5. One of the Peabody Museum’s ‘H-Boards’, labelled both ‘Melanesia’ and ‘NEW GUINEA’, mounted with an 1890s postcard print of an unnamed New Guinea man, alongside two photographs Dixon took of New Guinea and Trobriand Island clubs displayed in
Figure 21.1. Stone pestle, found on the Aikora River, Oro Province.
Figure 21.2. Mortar collected before 1915 by J.H.P. Murray, location unknown.
Figure 21.3. Stone mortar and pestle, collected May 1904 by C.A.W. Monckton on the Yodda Goldfields, Oro Province.
Figure 21.4. Pestle collected in 1911 by Davy James, a miner on the Lakekamu Goldfields, Gulf Province.
Figure 21.5. Carved stone, Boianai, Milne Bay Province.
Figure 21.6. Photograph by F.E. Williams, Boianai Excavation, Milne Bay Province.
Figure 22.1. Iniet figure, Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea.
Figure 22.2. ‘Rongorongo tablets’, Rapa Nui (Easter Island).
Figure 22.3. Left: the artist Joseph Guenou (Toroa people) with his life-size wooden carving of Madonna and a suckling baby Jesus in local style, with red hair and skirt, in 1935, Rorovana, Bougainville. Right: Madonna and Child (Rorovana, Bougainville),
Figure 22.4. Example of stone (flint and chert) from Phillip Island, Victoria, Australia with note from Fr Worms concerning microliths collected on Phillip Island in 1945.
Figure 22.5. ‘Magic stone’ from the Noupa River, Rai Coast, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Figure 23.1. H.D. Skinner’s English Police Certificate of Identity, 1918; his description and photograph certified by A.C. Haddon.
Figure 23.2. The Percy Smith Prize medal awarded for research in Anthropology to H.D. Skinner in 1926.
Figure 23.3. Duncan Macdonald presented this black basalt toki, found in 1873 at Lovell’s Flat, Otago, to Otago Museum.
Figure 23.4. H.D. Skinner (left, foreground, with rucksack) at an Otago beach archaeological site.
Figure 23.5. The dedication page of H.D. Skinner’s personal copy of Anthropology in the South Seas was signed by the contributing authors.
Figure 24.1. Watom Island Lapita sherd from Meyer Donation.
Figure 24.2. Watom Island Lapita sherd from Meyer Donation.
Figure 24.3. Watom Island Lapita sherd from Meyer Donation.
Figure 24.4. Plate VIII illustrating Watom Lapita pottery sent to Dermot Casey from Father Meyer and from the Mission Museum at Kokopo, East New Britain in 1936.
Figure 24.5. ‘Fig. 5 Ancient Embroidered Fabric, Nasca, Peru (British Museum)’.
Figure 25.1. P.V. van Stein Callenfels at Leang Codong, South Sulawesi, 29 August 1937. This was his only visit to the site.
Figure 25.2. Excavation in progress at Panisi’ Tabbuttu, South Sulawesi, July 1937.
Figure 25.3. F.D. McCarthy, seated with glasses, and H.D. (Pat) Noone, standing, with Temiar and Senoi people at Kedol, Cameron Highlands, Malaya, in January 1938.
Figure 25.4. Terracotta pot and lid with deeply carved floral decoration. Made to order for F.D. McCarthy in or near Watampone, South Sulawesi, in 1937.
Figure 27.1. Location of the Sigatoka Dune Complex.
Figure 27.2. Geomorphic sketch map of the Sigatoka Dune Complex.
Figure 27.3. Delila and Edward Gifford in San Francisco, immediately prior to their departure for Fiji, 1947, from the frontispiece of Delila’s Fiji scrapbook, in possession of Mrs Maureen Frederickson.
Figure 27.4. ‘Queer decoration’: The Lapita sherds sent by Lindsay Verrier to Edward Gifford in 1948.
Figure 28.1. Ratu Rabici Logavatu, May 1954.
Figure 28.2. The Lapita pottery discovered by Ratu Rabici and Lindsay Verrier.
Figure 28.3. Meeting the Logavatu family.
Figure 28.4. Aubrey Parke aged nearly 81, at his PhD graduation ceremony in hospital in Canberra, 21 October 2006.
Figure 28.5. Artefacts from Rotuma collected by Aubrey Parke, 1964 and now in the Fiji Museum.
Figure 28.6. The front cover of Aubrey Parke’s Degei’s Descendants, Terra Australis 41.
Figure 29.1. After Thor Heyerdahl returned from Fatuhiva in 1938, he organised a window exhibit with his photos and some of the artefacts that he had collected. This shows his growing interest in the prehistory of these islands and his love for museum exh
Figure 29.2. Thor Heyerdahl lecturing at the 10th Pacific Science Congress in Honolulu, 1961.
Figure 29.3. Excavation of a habitation cave in the Hanapete’o Valley, Hiva Oa, by Arne Skjølsvold and Gonzalo Figueroa, one of two teams sent to investigate Marquesas prehistory by the Kon-Tiki Museum in 1963.
Figure 29.4. Advertisement for Reports of the Norwegian Archaeological Expedition to Easter Island and the East Pacific. Volume 1: Archaeology of Easter Island published in 1961 and edited by Thor Heyerdahl and Edwin N. Ferdon Jr.
Figure 29.5. Excavation of ‘Site of Paeke’, Taipi Valley, Nukuhiva, in 1956.
Figure 30.1. Map of French Polynesia (ex-EFO) showing island groups and main islands, including those mentioned in the text.
Figure 30.2. The 18 whale-tooth pendants found at the Motu Paeao burial site and now in the collections of the MTI.
Figure 30.3. ‘Aurora Natua at Papeete Museum’, 1960.
Figure 30.4. Kenneth Pike Emory, Marguerite Emory and Aurora Natua at Hitiaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia, 1960.
Figure 31.1. Jack Golson, 1956–57, inspecting a one-piece fishhook made of moa bone at Sarah’s Gully, New Zealand.
Figure 31.2. Excavation of kūmara storage pits with postholes, Matakawau Stingray Point Pa, Ahuahu Great Mercury Island, 1956.
Figure 31.3. Artefact styles and types replicating the illustrations in Golson’s (1959) paper.
Figure 31.4. Jack Golson excavating at Vailele, Upolu, Western Samoa, 1957.
Figure 32.1. Founding members of the Department of Prehistory during the early years.
Figure 32.2. Jack Golson and J. Peter White in New Guinea.
Figure 32.3. Jack Golson, Philip Hughes and team at Kuk Swamp excavation.
Figure 32.4. Aname rock art site, Aneityum, Vanuatu, drawn by Winifred Mumford while working with Norma McArthur on her doctoral fieldwork in 1973.
Figure 32.5. Site BN-PK-1, Pakea Island. Pakea excavation crew taking a break, November 1974.
Figure 33.1. Pearl shell lure, Tairua, New Zealand.
Figure 33.2. Roger Green at Falevao, Upolu, Western Samoa, 1967.
Figure 33.3. Nenumbo (Site SE-RF-2), Te Motu Taiba, Reef Islands, Solomon Islands, 1971.
Figure 33.4. Adze, Nenumbo (Site SE-RF-2).
Figure 33.5. Anthropomorphic motif (Site SE-RF-2).
Figure 34.1. Waisted tool from Yuku, which Bulmer saw as part of her Phase II.
Figure 34.2. Three pot sherds from South Coast Papua, from excavation site AAL in Taurama.
Figure 34.3. Sue Bulmer’s excavation site at Wanelek in the Kaironk Valley, 1972.
Figure 34.4. Tanged blade from Wanelek.
Figure 34.5. Jimi axe from Kaironk Valley.
Figure 34.6. Pestle from the Kaironk Valley.
Figure 35.1. Excavation of the Feru I cave site, 18 May 1966.
Figure 35.2. Triangular Nautilus shell inlay from the Rate cave site (67-33-62, above left), semicircular Conus shell inlay from the Maworo midden (67-33-16, above right) and ethnographic ritual bowl with both kinds of inlay (67-5-7, below).
Figure 35.3. Ethnographic men’s nose ornament (67-5-85, left) and archaeological fragment of similar ornament from the Rate cave site (67-33-101, right).
Figure 35.4. Rim sherd from the Feru II cave site (67-33-81, right) and neck sherd from the Rate cave site (67-33-96 and 67-33-97, left).
Figure 35.5. (1) 67-33-81 surface and (2) microphotograph in XPL (cross-polarised light) of Feru Petrofabric; (3) 67-33-96 surface and (4) microphotograph in XPL of Rate Petrofabric.
Figure 36.1. Uncovering Pacific Pasts display showing ‘Voices from the Pacific’ at the Harvard University Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. This exhibition was on display from March 2020 to March 2021.
Figure 36.2. Digital object label for the Uncovering Pacific Pasts display showcasing objects from the Papuan Official Collection at the National Museum of Australia, Canberra, Australia. These objects were on display from February to July 2020.
Figure 36.3. Uncovering Pacific Pasts exhibition at the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum – Cultures of the World, Cologne, featuring Lapita potsherds excavated on Watom Island by Father Otto Meyer and local assistants. This exhibition was on display from March
Figure 36.4. Uncovering Pacific Pasts exhibition at the South Australian Museum. These objects were on display from March 2020 to August 2021.
Figure 36.5. Vianney Atpatoun, a retired employee of the Vanuatu Cultural Centre/Vanuatu Kaljoral Senta (VKS), in front of the Uncovering Pacific Pasts exhibition on display at the VKS in Port Vila from November 2020. An extension to the current exhibitio
Figure A.1. Some of St Michael’s Church, Rakival, parishioners posing in front of the church where Fr Otto Meyer served as a missionary. This building is built over the old concrete slab of Fr Otto Meyer’s church.
Figure A.2. Watom Island Local Council President Mr Enos ToPulumen (in blue cap) and Rakival Ward Councillor Mr Penticost ToLome (in white shirt), showing the New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Volume 20, 1998, along with some interested parishioners.
Figure A.3. The beachfront of St Michael’s Church, Rakival, Watom Island. Two excavation sites are just a few feet from the church.
Figure A.4. Parishioners IaPhilomena Lome, IaRegina Pidik, IaResina Ludwik and IaSamuelsia Okor (left to right) outside on the church lawn.
Figure A.5. Parishioners IaTheresia Talil, IaDorothy Bosko, IaPhilomena Lome and IaKavivil Kulap (left to right) outside on the church lawn.
Figure A.6. Parishioners, led by Sammy To Iguna, standing over one of the excavation sites a few feet from the church building.
Abbreviations
Contributors
List of participating institutions
1. Uncovering Pacific Pasts: Histories of Archaeology in Oceania – An exhibition
Part 1: Early European exploration in the Pacific, 1500s – 1870s
2. European interests and ideas on the diversity of human cultures in the Pacific (1500s – 1870s)
3. ‘Artificial curiosities’ and the Royal Navy
4. 1800: How the ‘South Seas savages’ became ‘antique monuments’
5. The mystery of the Moscow ki‘i
6. Watercolour of Fijian man, painted by Charles Pickering
7. Idol speculations: Aneityum Nelcau and Dr Turner’s missionary archaeology
Part 2: The first archaeological excavations,1870s – 1910s
8. The first archaeological excavations (1870s – 1910s)
9. Sir Julius von Haast and Roger Duff
10. The Pacific archaeology and ethnography of Hjalmar Stolpe and the Vanadis Expedition, 1883–85
11. Stephenson Percy Smith (1840–1922), founder of the Polynesian Society
12. Alfred Haddon: A ‘palaeontologist’ in the Torres Strait
13. Patterns of connection: The Wanigela shells revisited
14. Superiority complex: Rudolf Pöch’s interpretations of archaeological finds at Wanigela
15. Global journeys of Lapita potsherds from the Bismarck Archipelago
16. Shell trumpets sounding in the stone city: Paul Hambruch and Nan Madol
17. Huli hele nā wahi pana (seeking out storied places): The contributions of John F.G. Stokes to the field of Hawaiian archaeology
18. Intelligent eyes: Visualising Rapa Nui (Easter Island) archaeology
Part 3: The burgeoning field of anthropology and archaeology, 1918–45
19. The burgeoning field of anthropology and archaeology (1918–45)
20 A collector of ideas: Roland Burrage Dixon and the beginnings of professional American anthropology in the Pacific
21. Searching for origins: Archaeology and the government officers of Papua
22. Father Wilhelm Schmidt, Indigenous beliefs and Oceanic collections in the Vatican’s Anima Mundi Museum
23. H.D. Skinner
24. The vicissitudes of Lapita pottery, 1909–45: The Melbourne witness
25. Looking beyond Australia’s shores in the 1930s: F.D. McCarthy in Southeast Asia
Part 4: Archaeology as a profession in the Pacific,1945–present
26. Archaeology as a profession in the Pacific (1945 – present)
27. The first Lapita pottery found in Fiji: Links to an early Pacific world
28. Ratu Rabici Logavatu and Aubrey Parke: Two archaeological pioneers of the Fijian Administration
29. Thor Heyerdahl and the Kon-Tiki Museum’s research in the Marquesas and on Rapa Nui/Easter Island, 1955–63
30. Aurora Natua and the Motu Paeao site: Unlocking French Polynesia’s islands for Pacific archaeologists
31. Jack Golson in New Zealand
32. An emerging major centre: Pacific archaeology at The Australian National University (1961–79)
33. Roger Curtis Green (1932–2009)
34. Sue Bulmer and New Guinea archaeology
35. Then and now: W.H. Davenport’s 1966 archaeological expedition to Santa Ana with new data on the plainware pottery
36. Conclusion: Highlights from the Uncovering Pacific Pasts exhibition
Appendix: Statement by Rakival people
Index
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