Takes an in-depth look at electrical storage of energy-Contains case studies ranging from commercial to industrial and automotive applications of not only ultracapacitors but of these components in combination with energy dense battery technologies Contents: Types of ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitor modelling. Power and energy. Commercial applications. Industrial applications. Heavy transportation applications. Hybrid electric vehicles. Single mode power split architectures. 2 mode power split architectures. Cycle life testing. Abuse tolerance. Future transportation systems.
Author(s): John M. Miller
Series: IET Power and Energy Series 59
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: xii+364
Tags: Транспорт;Автомобильная и тракторная техника;Автомобили с электрическим и гибридным приводом;
Ultracapacitor Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 12
1 Types of ultracapacitors......Page 14
1.1 Electrochemical capacitors......Page 23
1.2 Symmetric types......Page 30
1.3 Asymmetric types......Page 37
1.4 Hybrid capacitors......Page 43
Exercises......Page 46
References......Page 48
2 Ultracapacitor modeling......Page 50
2.1 Electronic equivalent circuit model......Page 55
2.2 Cell characterization methods and standards......Page 71
2.3 Simulation model validation......Page 79
2.4 Capacitor–battery combinations......Page 86
2.4.1 Passive parallel architecture......Page 91
2.4.2 Active parallel architecture......Page 94
Exercises......Page 102
References......Page 104
3 Power and energy......Page 106
3.1 Specific energy and energy density......Page 109
3.2 Specific power and power density......Page 114
3.3 Ragone relationships......Page 125
3.4 Ultracapacitors and batteries......Page 127
Exercises......Page 136
References......Page 139
4.1 Uninterruptible power supplies......Page 142
4.2 Utility voltage stabilizer......Page 148
4.3 Wind turbine systems......Page 159
4.4 Photovoltaic systems......Page 168
Exercises......Page 171
References......Page 174
5 Industrial application......Page 176
5.1 Material handling trucks......Page 178
5.2 Harbor cranes and rubber tired gantry cranes......Page 181
5.3 Earth moving equipment......Page 189
Exercises......Page 198
References......Page 200
6 Heavy transportation application......Page 202
6.1 Battery electric bus......Page 212
6.2 Hybrid electric bus......Page 214
6.3 Shuttle bus......Page 219
Exercises......Page 221
References......Page 224
7 Hybrid electric vehicles......Page 226
7.1 Types of hybrids......Page 232
7.2 Hybrid functions......Page 236
7.3 Power assist hybrid......Page 238
7.4 Plug-in hybrid......Page 240
Exercises......Page 245
References......Page 247
8 Single-mode power split......Page 248
8.1 Electronic continuously variable transmission......Page 252
8.2 Ultracapacitor application in eCVTs......Page 255
8.3 Drive cycle evaluations......Page 259
Exercises......Page 266
References......Page 268
9 2-mode power split......Page 270
9.1 Essentials of 2-mode eCVT......Page 273
9.2 Operational modes of the EVT......Page 276
9.3 Ultracapacitor application in 2-mode eCVT......Page 282
9.4 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle: Volt......Page 285
Exercises......Page 288
References......Page 290
10 Life cycle testing......Page 292
10.1 Leakage current influence......Page 296
10.2 Reliability versus service life......Page 299
10.2.1 Exponential reliability function......Page 304
10.2.2 Normal reliability function......Page 305
10.2.3 Log-normal reliability function......Page 306
10.2.4 Weibull reliability function......Page 307
10.3 Mean service life......Page 311
10.4 Comprehensive cycle life testing......Page 315
Exercises......Page 319
References......Page 321
11.1 Need for abuse testing......Page 324
11.2 Overvoltage and overcurrent abuse......Page 326
11.3 Insulation resistance and high potential......Page 330
11.4 Vibration requirements......Page 337
11.5 Ultracapacitor cycling exposure......Page 338
Exercises......Page 341
References......Page 343
12 Future transportation systems......Page 344
12.1 Future mobility systems......Page 345
12.2 Wireless power transfer......Page 346
12.2.1 Coaxial winding transformer......Page 349
12.2.2 Inductive power transfer......Page 350
12.3 Ultracapacitor applications in IPT......Page 351
Exercises......Page 356
References......Page 358
Glossary......Page 360
Index......Page 364
