This book presents innovative strategies to implement ultra-low voltage (ULV) and low power active circuits used in low energy RF receivers. The authors demonstrate that the use of single-stage amplifiers with the input negative transconductance compensation is a key strategy to allow the operation at low voltage levels with reduced power dissipation. Also, some design methodologies, based on the CMOS transistor operation point, are analyzed and a powerful design methodology is described for this kind of circuit. Readers will be enabled to implement the techniques described to design communication circuits with low power dissipation, useful in a variety of applications, including IoT/IoE devices.
Author(s): Lucas Compassi Severo, Wilhelmus Adrianus Maria Van Noije
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 148
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Acronyms
Symbols
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Low Energy RF Receivers
1.3 Baseband Filters and Amplifiers
1.4 Book Organization
References
2 ULV and ULP Operational Amplifiers for Active-RC Filters
2.1 Low Voltage Operation of CMOS Transistors
2.1.1 Current Density and Channel Inversion Level
2.1.2 Saturation Voltage
2.1.3 Bulk Forward Bias
2.1.4 Small-Signal Transconductances and Conductances
2.1.5 Short Channel Effects
2.2 ULV Operational Amplifiers
2.2.1 The Minimum Operation Voltage for Amplifiers
2.2.2 Low Power ULV Operational Amplifier
2.2.3 The Common-Mode Rejection of the ULV Amplifiers
2.2.4 Gate and Bulk Input Amplifiers
2.2.5 Compensation of the PVT Variation on the ULV Amplifiers
2.3 Conclusion
References
3 Single Stage OTA and Negative Transconductance Compensation
3.1 The Use of a Negative Transconductor for Single-Stage OTA Compensation
3.1.1 Closed-Loop Amplifier
3.1.2 Active Integrator
3.1.3 Noise Analysis
3.2 ULV PVT Robust Negative Transconductor
3.3 ULV Inverter-Based OTA
3.3.1 Improvements in the CMFB Loop
3.3.2 Improving the Drain Current Control
3.3.3 Error Amplifier
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Design Methodology for ULV Circuits
4.1 CAD Tools for Analog Circuit Design
4.2 Transistor Sizing of ULV Circuits
4.3 Proposed Operation-Point Simulation-Based Design Tool
4.3.1 Design Example
4.4 ULV Circuit Design Using the UCAF Tool
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Design and Experimental Results
5.1 Complex Band-Pass Image-Rejection Filter
5.1.1 Filter Design
5.1.2 Negative Transconductors Implementation
5.1.3 OTA Implementation
5.1.4 CxBPF Measured Results
5.2 Programmable Gain Amplifier
5.2.1 OTA Implementation
5.2.2 Programmable Negative Input Transconductor
5.2.3 Measured Results
5.3 Second-Order Low-Pass Filter with Integrated Programmable Gain Amplifier
5.3.1 Filter Design
5.3.2 Negative Transconductors Implementation
5.3.3 OTA Implementation
5.3.4 Post-Layout Simulated Results of the Programmable-Gain LPF
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Conclusions
References
Index
