The first book to focus on the communications and networking aspects of UAVs, this unique resource provides the fundamental knowledge needed to pursue research in the field. The team of authors covers the foundational concepts of the topic, as well as offering a detailed insight into the state of the art in UAVs and UAV networks, discussing the regulations, policies, and procedures for deployment (including analysis of risks and rewards), along with demonstrations, test-beds, and practical real-world applications in areas such as wildlife detection and emergency communications. This is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in communications and networking.
Author(s): Kamesh Namuduri, Serge Chaumette, Jae H. Kim, James P. G. Sterbenz
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Year: 2017
Language: English
Pages: 260
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 14
Contributors......Page 16
1 Introduction to UAV Systems......Page 18
1.1 Introduction to UAV Types and Missions......Page 19
1.1.1 Fixed-wing UAVs......Page 20
1.1.2 Flapping-wing UAVs......Page 22
1.1.3 Rotary-wing UAVs......Page 25
1.1.4 Convertible UAVs......Page 27
1.1.5 Hybrid UAVs......Page 31
1.2 UAV Swarming and Miniaturization......Page 33
1.3 UAV Miniaturization: Challenges and Opportunities......Page 34
1.3.2 Energy Density......Page 35
1.4 UAV Networks and Their Advantages......Page 36
1.4.2 Mobility Models for UAV Networks......Page 39
1.4.3 State of the art in UAV Networks......Page 40
1.5 Summary......Page 42
2.1 Air-to-Ground Communication for Manned Aviation......Page 43
2.1.1 Radar for Ground-based Aircraft Identification......Page 44
2.1.2 Distance and Direction Measurements Beyond Radar......Page 47
2.1.4 Voice Communication between Air and Ground......Page 48
2.2.1 Modern Surveillance and Navigation......Page 49
2.2.2 Digital Communication for ATM......Page 50
2.3 Practical UAV and MUAV Data Links......Page 52
2.3.2 Payload or Application Data Communication......Page 53
2.4 Analysis of Terrestrial Wireless Broadband Solutions for UAV Links......Page 54
2.4.2 Multiple Antenna UAV Air-to-Air Link Analysis......Page 55
2.4.3 Multiple Antenna UAV Air-to-Ground Link Analysis......Page 58
2.5 Conclusions......Page 61
3.1 Introduction......Page 62
3.2 Aerial Network Characteristics......Page 63
3.2.2 3D Nature......Page 64
3.2.4 Payload and Flight Time Constraints......Page 65
3.3.1 Device Autonomy......Page 66
3.3.2 Mission Autonomy......Page 67
3.4 Quantitative Communication Requirements......Page 68
3.5.1 Network Architecture......Page 69
3.5.2 Experimental Results......Page 71
3.6 Conclusions and Outlook......Page 73
4.1 Introduction......Page 75
4.2 Airborne Network Environment......Page 76
4.3.1 Traditional Internet Protocols......Page 79
4.3.2 Mobile Wireless Network Protocols......Page 82
4.3.3 Transportation Network Protocols......Page 84
4.3.4 Cross-Layering......Page 86
4.4 Aeronautical Protocol Architecture......Page 87
4.4.1 AeroTP: TCP-Friendly Transport Protocol......Page 88
4.4.2 AeroNP: IP-Compatible Network Protocol......Page 93
4.4.3 AeroRP: Location-Aware Routing Algorithm......Page 95
4.5.1 AeroTP Simulation Results......Page 99
4.5.2 AeroRP and AeroNP Simulation Results......Page 105
4.6 Summary......Page 112
5.1 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Platform Systems......Page 113
5.1.1 UAV Platform System......Page 114
5.1.2 UAV Autopilot Control System......Page 116
5.1.3 UAV Communication System......Page 119
5.1.4 UAV Monitoring System......Page 120
5.1.5 UAV System Integration and Safety......Page 122
5.2.1 UAV Internetworking Operational Concept (CONOPS)......Page 124
5.2.3 Network Emulation......Page 125
5.2.4 Network Protocols......Page 127
5.2.5 Network Systems Integration......Page 129
5.2.6 Field Demonstration and Analysis......Page 132
5.3 Related Works......Page 134
5.4 Summary......Page 135
6.1 Regulatory Framework For Civil Aviation – Past and Present......Page 137
6.1.1 Airworthiness Certification......Page 138
6.1.3 Certification for Crew and Operators......Page 141
6.2 Regulatory Bodies and UAS Legislation – Present and Future......Page 143
6.2.1 European Union (EU)......Page 144
6.2.2 United States of America......Page 148
6.2.3 Canada......Page 149
6.2.4 Australia......Page 150
6.2.6 South Africa......Page 152
6.2.8 Summary......Page 153
6.3.1 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)......Page 154
6.3.2 Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics: SC-228......Page 155
6.3.4 Joint Authorities for Rulemaking on Unmanned Systems......Page 156
6.4.1 Privacy......Page 157
6.5 Gaps between Regulatory Needs and Technical State-of-the-Art......Page 162
6.6 Technical Challenges......Page 163
6.6.2 Minimum Transmission Range Needed by the UAVs to Keep the Airborne Backbone Network Connected at all Times......Page 164
6.6.3 Minimum Number of UAVs Needed to Monitor all Suspect Mobile Targets at all Times......Page 171
6.6.4 Modified Minimum Flow Problem......Page 175
6.8 Acknowledgements......Page 176
7.1 Introduction......Page 177
7.2 Safety in the Sky......Page 178
7.2.1 Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B)......Page 179
7.2.3 ADS-B Versus FLARM for Gliders......Page 180
7.2.6 Self-organized Airborne Network (SOAN)......Page 181
7.3 Privacy on the Ground......Page 183
7.3.1 Fourth Amendment in the Context of UAVs......Page 184
7.4 Information Security......Page 185
7.5 Security Requirements at UAV Level......Page 186
7.6 Security Requirements at UAV Network Level......Page 189
7.6.1 Security Requirements for Standalone Swarms......Page 190
7.6.2 Security Requirements in Ground-Controlled UAV Fleets......Page 191
7.7 Ongoing Research and Products Related to UAV Security......Page 192
7.8 Summary......Page 193
8.1 Introduction and Background......Page 194
8.2 Why Use Swarms of Unmanned Aerial Systems?......Page 195
8.2.1 Continuous Flight/Mission......Page 196
8.2.2 Increased Mission Flexibility......Page 197
8.2.3 Increased Capabilities......Page 198
8.2.4 Additional Features......Page 199
8.3.1 Localization, Proximity Detection, and Positioning......Page 200
8.3.2 Man Swarm Interaction......Page 203
8.3.3 Degraded Mode of Operation......Page 204
8.3.4 Safety and Legal Issues......Page 206
8.3.5 Security......Page 207
8.4 Conclusion......Page 209
9.2 Wildlife Detection......Page 211
9.2.1 Aerial Wildlife Counts......Page 212
9.2.2 Raven RQ-11A Small Unmanned Aircraft System......Page 213
9.2.3 Using the Raven RQ-11A sUAS to Estimate the Abundance of Sandhill Cranes (Grus canadensis) at Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge, Colorado, USA......Page 215
9.2.4 Evaluation of the Raven sUAS to Detect Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) on Leks, Middle Park, Colorado, USA......Page 218
9.3.1 Aerial Base Stations......Page 221
9.3.2 Cyber Physical System Perspective......Page 222
9.3.3 Scientific and Engineering Challenges......Page 223
9.3.4 Disaster Response and Emergency Communications......Page 224
9.3.5 Research Challenges......Page 225
9.3.6 Deriving Theoretical Models......Page 227
9.4 Summary......Page 230
References......Page 231
Index......Page 259
