Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
1. Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials for Fire Safety of Polymers
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Flame Retardants for Polymer Materials
1.2.1 Fire Hazards
1.2.2 Halogen-Containing Flame Retardants
1.2.3 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants
1.2.4 Synergistic Flame Retardants
1.2.5 Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanosheet Flame Retardants
1.3 Structure and Properties of 2D Nanosheets
1.3.1 Clay
1.3.2 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
1.3.3 Layered Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes)
1.3.4 Graphene (oxide)
1.3.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
1.3.6 Layered Boron Nitride (BN)
1.3.7 Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)
1.3.8 Black Phosphorus (BP)
1.4 Preparation of Polymer-Based 2D Nanosheet Composites
1.4.1 Sol-Gel Method
1.4.2 Blending Method
1.4.3 In Situ Polymerization
1.4.4 Intercalation Method
1.5 Fire Safety of Polymers with 2D Nanomaterials
1.6 Conclusion
References
2. Influence of the Size and Dispersion State of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials on the Fire Safety of Polymers
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Dispersion and Characterization
2.2.1 Adjusting Chemistry and Modification
2.2.2 Dispersion Techniques
2.2.3 Characterization of the Nanostructured Morphologies
2.3 Nanoparticle and Dispersion State
2.4 Interplay with Flame Retardant Mechanisms and Fire Properties
2.4.1 Ignition
2.4.2 Flammability
2.5 Conclusion
References
3. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retardant Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preparation Techniques for the Fabrication of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites
3.2.1 Melt Mixing
3.2.2 In Situ Polymerization
3.2.2.1 Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization (NMP)
3.2.2.2 RAFT Polymerization
3.2.2.3 Anionic Polymerization
3.2.2.4 Cationic Polymerization
3.2.2.5 Click Chemistry
3.2.3 Solution Casting
3.2.4 Fusion Intercalation
3.3 Characterization Techniques of Fire-Safe Polymer Clay Nanocomposites
3.3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.3.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
3.3.5 Flammability Properties
3.3.5.1 Cone Calorimetry
3.3.5.2 Limited Oxygen Index (LOI)
3.3.5.3 Underwriters Laboratories Test Standard UL-94 (UL-94) Test
3.3.5.4 Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) test
3.4 Conclusions
References
4. Application of Layered Double Hydroxides in Fire-Safe Polymers
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structural Characteristics of LDHs
4.2.1 Cation and Anion Ordering
4.2.2 Stacking
4.2.3 Guest-Host Interactions
4.3 Fundamental Properties of LDHs
4.3.1 Chemical Stability
4.3.2 Thermal Stability
4.4 Application of Layered Double Hydroxides in Fire-Safe Polymers
4.4.1 Application of LDHs in Fire-Safe Thermoplastic Polymers
4.4.1.1 Polyethylene (PE)
4.4.1.2 Polypropylene (PP)
4.4.1.3 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA)
4.4.1.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers (EVA)
4.4.1.5 Polyurethane (PU)
4.4.1.6 Others
4.4.2 Application of LDHs in Fire-Safe Thermosetting Polymers
4.4.2.1 Epoxy Resins
4.4.2.2 Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)
4.4.3 LDHs for Fire-Safe Coating Applications
4.5 Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Mechanisms of LDHs
4.6 Conclusions
References
5. Polymer/MXene Composites with Enhanced Fire-Safe Characteristics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparation Methods of MXenes
5.2.1 Fluoride Acid Etching Method
5.2.2 Fluoride Salt Etching Method
5.2.2.1 Bifluoride
5.2.2.2 Fluoride Salts with Acid
5.2.3 The Fluorine-Free Etching Method
5.2.3.1 Electrochemical Etching Method
5.2.3.2 Hydrothermal-Assisted Alkali Etching Method
5.2.3.3 Lewis Acid Molten Salt Treatment Method
5.2.3.4 Other Fluorine-Free Etching Methods
5.3 Preparation Methods of MXene/Polymer Composites
5.3.1 In Situ Polymerization
5.3.2 Blending Approaches
5.3.2.1 Solution Mixing
5.3.2.2 Emulsion Blending
5.3.2.3 Melt Blending
5.4 Application of MXenes in Flame-Retardant Polymers
5.4.1 Utilization of Bare MXenes
5.4.2 Surface Modification of MXene
5.4.2.1 Organic Functionalized MXene Nanomaterials
5.4.2.1.1 Electrostatic Self-Assembly Approach
5.4.2.1.2 Functionalization via Hydrogen Bonding
5.4.2.1.3 Functionalization via Covalent Bonds
5.4.2.1.4 Functionalization via Sol-Gel Technique
5.4.2.2 Inorganic Functionalized MXene Nanomaterials
5.4.2.2.1 Functionalization via Inorganic P/Si-Based Materials
5.4.2.2.2 Functionalization via Inorganic Metal Nanomaterials
5.4.3 The Blended Synergistic Flame-Retardant System
5.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
6. Graphene(oxide) and Its Hybrid Materials for Fire-Safe Polymers
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preparation of Graphene(oxide) Flame Retardants
6.2.1 Oxidation‒Reduction Method
6.2.2 Electrochemical Exfoliation
6.2.3 Mechanical Exfoliation
6.2.4 Liquid Sonication Exfoliation
6.2.5 Carbonization
6.3 Modified Graphene(oxide) as Flame Retardants
6.3.1 Covalently Modified Graphene(oxide)
6.3.2 Noncovalently Modified Graphene(oxide)
6.3.3 Doped Graphene(oxide)
6.4 Graphene(oxide)-Based Flame Retardant Hybrids
6.4.1 Organic‒Inorganic Hybrids
6.4.2 Inorganic‒Inorganic Hybrids
6.4.3 Ternary Hybrids
6.5 Graphene(oxide) Flame Retardant Synergists
6.6 Graphene(oxide)-Assembled Fire-Safe Materials
6.6.1 2D Layer-by-Layer Assembled Structures
6.6.2 3D Network Structures
6.7 Summary and Perspectives
References
7. Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Reducing Fire Hazards of Polymer Composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Preparation and Functionalization of g-C3N4
7.2.1 Preparation of g-C3N4
7.2.1.1 Solvothermal Method
7.2.1.2 Thermal Condensation Method
7.2.1.3 Electrodeposition Method
7.2.1.4 Magnetron Sputtering Method
7.2.2 Functionalization of g-C3N4
7.2.2.1 Covalent Method
7.2.2.1.1 Oxidation/Carboxylation
7.2.2.1.2 Amidation
7.2.2.1.3 Sulfonation/Phosphorylation
7.2.2.1.4 Polymer Grafting
7.2.2.1.5 Other Covalent Functionalization
7.2.2.2 Noncovalent Method
7.3 Approaches to the Fabrication of Polymer/g-C3N4 Nanocomposites
7.3.1 Solvent Blending
7.3.2 Melting and Bending
7.3.3 In Situ Polymerization
7.3.4 Other Approaches
7.4 Flame-Retardant Polymer/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Composites
7.4.1 Thermal Stability and Flame-Retardant Potential of Neat g-C3N4
7.4.2 Organic Flame-Retardant-Functionalized g-C3N4
7.4.3 Inorganic/g-C3N4 Hybrid Flame Retardant
7.4.4 Organic/g-C3N4 Hybrid Flame Retardants
7.4.5 Synergistic Combination of g-C3N4 and Traditional Flame Retardants
7.4.6 Flame-Retardant Action of g-C3N4
7.5 Conclusions, Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
8. Layered Boron Nitride Derived Flame Retardants for Fire-Safe Polymeric Materials
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Adding Directly to the Resin
8.2.1 BN-Based Coating
8.2.2 BN Nanosheets Mixed with PVA Films
8.2.3 BN Nanosheets Mixed with Aerogels
8.3 Functionalized h-BN Nanosheets
8.3.1 Organic-Functionalized h-BN Nanosheets
8.3.1.1 Modification by Phosphorous Flame Retardants in Solution
8.3.1.2 Modification by Phosphorous Flame Retardants via Ball Milling
8.3.2 Inorganic-Functionalized h-BN Nanosheets
8.4 Conclusion
References
9. Molybdenum Disulphide/Polymer Composites for Fire Safety Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 MoS2 Nanosheets for Fire-Safe Polymers
9.2.1 MoS2-Based Fire-Resistant Polymer Composites
9.2.1.1 Pristine MoS2 Nanosheet Applications
9.2.1.2 Organic-Functionalized MoS2 Nanosheet Applications
9.2.1.3 Inorganic-Functionalized MoS2 Nanosheet Applications
9.2.1.4 Bio-Based and Hybrid MoS2 Nanosheet Applications
9.2.2 MoS2-Based Flame Retardant Coatings
9.2.2.1 Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly Coatings
9.2.2.2 MoS2 Nanosheet-Based Polymer Composite Coatings
9.2.3 MoS2 Nanosheet-Based Membranes and Films
9.2.4 MoS2 Nanosheets Applied in Flame Retardant Polymer Fibres
9.2.5 Other Applications
9.3 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
10. Black Phosphorus and Its Derivatives as a Novel Class of Flame Retardants for Fire-Safe Polymers
10.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
10.2 Preparation, Exfoliation, and Functionalization Method of Black Phosphorus
10.2.1 Preparation of Black Phosphorus Crystals
10.2.1.1 Mechanical Ball-Milling Method
10.2.1.2 High-Temperature Mineralization Route
10.2.1.3 Others
10.2.2 Exfoliation
10.2.2.1 Ball-Milling Exfoliation
10.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation
10.2.2.3 Others
10.2.3 Functionalization
10.2.3.1 Functionalization Based on the Coordination Bond
10.2.3.2 Functionalization Based on Electron Transfer
10.2.3.2.1 Diazonium Chemistry Modification
10.2.3.2.2 Alklyl Halide Modification
10.2.3.3 Functionalization Based on Electrostatic Interactions
10.2.3.4 Functionalization Based on the In Situ Hydrothermal/Solvothermal
10.2.3.5 Functionalization Based on the Mechanical Force
10.3 The Dispersion State of Black Phosphorus Nanosheets
10.4 Flame Retardancy Application of BP Nanosheets
10.4.1 Epoxy Resin
10.4.2 Polyurethane
10.4.3 Other Polymer Resins
10.4.3.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol
10.4.3.2 Polycarbonate
10.4.3.3 Polylactic Acid
10.5 Flame Retardancy Mechanism of Black Phosphorus
10.5.1 Gaseous and Condensed Flame Retardancy Mechanism
10.5.2 The Relation between Functionalization and the Flame Retardancy Mechanism
10.6 Mechanical Properties
10.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
11. Layer-by-Layer Assembly of 2D Nanomaterials into Flame-Retardant Coatings for Fire-Safe Polymers
11.1 Background
11.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
11.3 Flame Retardant LbL Coatings Containing Nanoclays
11.4 Flame Retardant LbL Coatings Containing Graphene or Graphene Derivatives
11.5 Flame Retardant LbL Coatings Containing Other 2D Nanoparticles
11.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
References
12. Challenges and Perspectives of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Challenges of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers
12.2.1 Dispersion and Distribution of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
12.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Fire-Safe Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial/Polymer Composites
12.2.3 Cost-Effectiveness and Scalability of Fire-Safe Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial/Polymer Composites
12.3 Perspectives of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers
12.3.1 Combination of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials with Traditional Flame Retardants
12.3.2 Commercialization of Fire-Safe Two-dimensional Nanomaterial/Polymer Composites
12.4 Conclusions
References
Index