Turkish-French Relations: History, Present, and the Future

Foreword by Prof. Haydar Çakmak
Foreword by Yaşar Yakış
Preface
Introduction
Contents
Historical Background of Turkish–French Relations
Ottoman-French Relations
1 Introduction
2 16th Century: From Hostility to Alliance
2.1 Ottoman Side
2.2 French Side
3 Changing Nature of International Relations and Increasing French Influence Over the Ottoman Empire: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
4 The Long Nineteenth Century
4.1 From 1789 to 1815
4.2 From 1815 to 1860: The Age of Diplomacy and the Joint Actions from the Greek Independence War to the Syrian Uprising
5 Conclusion
References
France and Turkey (1918–1939): Disillusion and Disappointment
1 Introduction
2 The French War Aims
2.1 Plans of the Sykes-Picot Agreement
2.2 Maintaining the Ottoman Empire
2.3 Taking of Pledges
3 The Undeclared War in Cilicia
3.1 French Occupation of Cilicia
3.2 The French-Kemalist War
3.3 The Marach [Maraş] Affair
4 French Reversal: The Stages of the French Reversal in Favor of the Turkish Nationalists
4.1 The Conference of San Remo
4.2 The Treaty of Sevres
4.3 The London Conference
4.4 The Angora Agreement
5 The French Republic and the Turkish Republic
5.1 The Reasons for the French Reversal in Favor of the Turkish Nationalists
5.2 The Treaty of Lausanne
5.3 The Crisis of the Sanjak of Alexandretta
6 Conclusion
References
Turkish–French Relations During the Second World War and the Cold War
1 Introduction
2 The Complexity of French–Turkish Relations During the Second World War
3 Mutual Indifference During the First Stages of Cold War (1945–1960)
3.1 The American Alliance and Its Impact on French–Turkish Relations
3.2 The Algerian Issue
4 A New Rapprochement Between France and Turkey in Seek of Independence (1960–1973)
4.1 A New Context Favorable to French–Turkish Rapprochement
4.2 Toward French–Turkish Close Cooperation
5 New Crisis and New Bilateral Tensions (1973–1989)
5.1 The Second Cyprus Crisis (1974–1975)
5.2 Resurgence of Human Rights Issue
6 From 1984: An Attempt to Renew the Dialogue
7 Conclusion
References
Turkish-French Relations in the Post-Cold War Era
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Framework
3 Turkish-French Relations in the Post-Cold War
3.1 François Mitterrand (1988–1995)
3.2 Jacques Chirac (1995–2007)
3.3 Nicolas Sarkozy (2007–2012)
3.4 François Hollande (2012–2017)
3.5 Emmanuel Macron (2017)
4 Conclusion
References
Anatomy of Turkish–French Relations
Turkey–France Political and Diplomatic Relations: Contemporary Issues and Future Perspectives
1 Introduction
2 Ankara’s Diaspora Politics and Assertive Foreign Policy are at the Heart of Tensions in Turkish–French Relations
2.1 Turkey’s Diaspora Politics: Gaining Influence Over the Turkish Community in France
2.2 France–Turkey Feud at the International Level: The Difficulty for a Traditional Power to Understand and Accommodate an Emergent Power
3 Turkish–French Political Relations Under the Macron/Erdoğan Presidency: Estrangement and Strategic Rivalry
3.1 “Blue Homeland” Versus “Pax Mediterranea”: Turkey’s and France’s Competing Projects in the Eastern Mediterranean
3.2 Libya, Syria, and Lebanon: Playgrounds of the Franco–Turkish Regional Power Rivalry
4 Political and Sociological Explanations of The Tense Relations Between France and Turkey
4.1 France Versus Turkey: Tense Relations Reflecting the Global Power Shift from West to East
4.2 A “New Turkey” that Revives the French Fear of the “Great Turk” (Le Grand Turc) and the “Muslim Other”
5 Overcoming the Crisis of Confidence: The Need for a Renewed Encounter Between France and Turkey Based On Mutual Interest And Trust
5.1 Keeping Electoral Politics Out
5.2 Getting Turkish Foreign Policy Right
5.3 Making the Debate over Turkey’s EU Accession Less Passionate
6 Conclusion
References
‘A Constant Duel Between Paris and Ankara’ or the ‘Impossible Strategic Partnership’
1 Introduction
2 The Syrian Question as a Strategic Hurdle for Franco–Turkish Relations
3 Conflict in Libya as a Source of Tensions Between Ankara and Paris
4 The Eastern Mediterranean and Turkey’s Difficult Choices
5 By Way of Conclusion
References
Secure Cement of the Historical Amity Under the Shadow of Diplomatic Tensions: Economic Relations Between Turkey and France
1 Introduction
2 First Stages of Bilateral Economic Relations During the Ottoman Era: From Capitulations to the Birth of Modern Turkey
3 The Birth of Modern Turkey: Bilateral Economic Relations in the Early Republican Years
3.1 The Issue of Ottoman Debt
4 The 1960s and 1970s: Vitalization Period in Commercial and Industrial Ties
5 The Era of Remarkable Achievements in Bilateral Economic Relations (1980–2007)
6 The Impact of Turkish Entry in EU Customs Union Agreement to the Economic Relations and Modernization Negotiations
7 An Era of Deterioration: Nicolas Sarkozy’s Presidency in France (2007–2012)
8 Present and the Future of Bilateral Economic Relations: Macron Era (2017–)
8.1 AFD Project Financing in Turkey
8.2 Primary Sector in Bilateral Economic Relations: Automotive
9 Expanding the Scope of the Economic Cooperation and Building Mutual Trust and Interests
10 Conclusion
References
Social and Cultural Relations Between Turkey and France
1 Introduction
2 Language and Culture
3 Molière and the Root of Modern Turkish Theatre
4 Conclusion
References
Key Issues in Turkish–French Relations
France Facing Turkey in Eastern Mediterranean, Middle East, and North Africa: Hold Your Rank?
1 Introduction
2 Stave off French Decline
2.1 France: A Power that is Retrograding?
2.2 Sacred Union Against Turkey
2.3 The Mediterranean: Mare Galiae or Mare Turca?
3 The Confrontation
3.1 The Mavi Vatan Vision: Toward the Open Sea!
3.2 Greece in the Front Line, France Second
3.3 Toward a Test of Fire?
4 Opening the Door to Africa
4.1 Duel in Libya
4.2 The Square Meadow Assailed
4.3 From Francafrica to Turkafrica?
5 Conclusion
References
A Comparison of Turkish and French Approaches on Energy-Related Developments in the Eastern Mediterranean: Reconciliation of Interests or Continuation of Clash of Interests?
1 Introduction
2 Fundamental Parameters of Energy Issue in the Eastern Mediterranean
3 Turkish and French Positions Regarding the Energy-Related Developments in the Eastern Mediterranean (Foreign Policy, Energy Policy, Military Security)
4 Conclusion
References
Turkey’s EU Membership Process and Its Effects on Franco-Turkish Relations
1 Introduction
2 The Evolution of the EU–Turkish Membership Process
2.1 The Association Agreement
2.2 The EU–Turkey Customs Union
2.3 EU–Turkey Trade Relations
3 Main Determinants and Obstacles of Turkey’s EU Membership Process
3.1 Changes in the EU’s Policy Toward Turkey
3.2 The Franco-Turkish Tension
3.3 A Politically Sensitive of the EU–Turkish Membership Process
3.4 The Cyprus and Libya Cases
3.5 Turkey’s Military Operations in Syria
4 Influence of the EU–Turkish Membership Process on Franco-Turkish Relations
4.1 The EU Member States’ Perception of Turkey’s EU Membership
4.2 French Society and Politicians’ Perception of Turkey’s EU Membership
5 Future for EU–Turkey Accession Negotiations on the Basis of Alternative Pathway Exploration
6 Conclusion
References
A Brief Analysis of Turkey–France Relations in Terms of Media Diplomacy: Example of Aujourd’hui La Turquie
1 Introduction
2 The Differences Between Media Diplomacy and Public Diplomacy
3 The Functioning of Media Diplomacy
4 Turkey–France Relations and Media Diplomacy: The Example of L'Aujourd'hui La Turquie Newspaper
5 Conclusion
References
The Impact of the Armenian Question on the French-Turkish Relations
1 Introduction
2 France, the Late Ottoman Empire and the Rise of the Armenian Question (1862–1914)
3 From One War to Another: The Failures of the Pro-Armenian Movements (1914–1923)
4 An Issue for Criminal Records (1924–1964)
5 The Slow Emergence of the Armenian Question as a Bilateral Problem (1965–1980)
6 Managing the Risk (1981–2011)
7 The Paradoxes of the Last Years (Since 2011)
8 Conclusion
References
Turkish-French Tensions Over the Kurdish Question and the Ambitions and Status of the Kurdish Actors in Northern Syria: Locked in a Stalemate or Destined for a Détente?
1 Introduction
2 Historical Background
2.1 The Legacy of the Mitterrand Era in France’s Approach Toward the Kurds
2.2 The Kurdish Diaspora in France and Its Reach and Influence Over French Foreign Policy
2.3 The Emergence of the Islamic State and the Further Polarization of Turkish-French Relations Over the Kurdish Issue
3 The Future Outlook for French-Turkish Relations Concerning the Kurdish Issue
3.1 The Spillover Effect of Competition and Rivalry on Other Foreign Policy Issues
3.2 Domestic Political Constraints
3.3 Unilateral Solutions and Their Probable Impact
3.4 Conflict Mediation Through Regional Organizations
3.5 The Role of NATO
3.6 The Role of the European Union
3.7 An Emphasis on Bilateral Transactional Relations as an Alternative
4 Conclusion
References
Conclusion