Turkey’s Challenges and Transformation: Politics and Society on the Centennial of the Republic

Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
2 Transformation of Party and Election System in Turkey
Party System Types
Transformation of Turkey’s Party System
AKP: The Hegemon of Turkey?
References
3 Transformation and Challenges in the Governmental System in Turkey: The Turkish Type of Presidentalism
Introduction
Parliamentary System in Turkey in a Historical Perspective
A New System: The Presidential Government System in Turkey
Conclusion
Note
References
4 Transformation of Judiciary for a Turkey in Transition: Dynamics and Consequences
Introduction
The First Decade of the Twenty-First Century: Limited, yet Necessary Reforms on Judiciary
The Second Decade of the Twenty-First Century: Transformation of the Turkish Judiciary-For Better, or Even Worse?
Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Turkey’s Political Economy in International Context
Demographic and Structural Change
Economic Policy and Growth
The International Context and Evolving Connections
Conclusion
Notes
References
6 Transformation of Secularism in Turkey
“Assertive” Secularism
“Passive” Secularism
Continuity and Change
The Case for a Genuine Secular Democracy
References
7 Gender Equality in Turkey
Women’s Movement in Turkey: From Ottoman Sisters to Republic’s Women
Second Wave Feminism and Women in Turkey
1990s, Women’s Movement in the World and in Turkey
Hopeful 2000s
2007 to 2013: Start of the Decline
Presidential System and Leaving the Istanbul Convention
Conclusion
Note
References
8 The Changing Dynamics of Prostests Under Turkey’s Authoritarian Transformation: Actors, Repertoires, and Strategies of Oppression
Introduction
Protests and Their Repression in Turkey—An Historical Overview
The AKP Period: Intensification of Repression in the Protest Arena
Unpacking the Dynamics of the Protest Arena in Turkey (2007–2019)
Aggregate Levels: Temporal and Spatial Distribution
Issues of Protests
Repertoires of Protests
Discussion and Conclusion: Factors Affecting the Dynamics of the Protest Arena in Turkey
Notes
References
9 (De)Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in Turkey: The Nexus of Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics in the Twenty-First Century
Securitization and Desecuritization
Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in the Twentieth Century
Kurdish Rebellions as Physical Security Threat
Kurdish Rebellions and Kurdish Identity as Ontological Security Threat
The Military as a Securitizing Actor in the Kurdish Issue
Foreign Policy and (De)Securitization of the Kurdish Issue in the Twenty-First Century
EU Reform Process and Desecuritization of the Kurdish Issue
Relations with the KRG and the Democratic Opening
Syrian War and Resecuritization of the Kurdish Issue
Conclusion
Notes
References
10 The Transformation of Migration Governance in Turkey
Introduction
Bureaucratization of Migration Governance
Marketization in Migration Governance
Conclusion
References
11 Transformation of Turkey’s Environmental Policy: A Case of Selective Europeanization?
Introduction
Overview of Turkey’s Europeanization
Overview of Turkey’s Environmental Policy
Failure to Europeanize the Right of Participation in Environmental Policymaking and the Environmental Impact Assessment
Selective Europeanization of Turkey’s Climate Change Policy
Conclusion
Note
References
12 Transformation and Challenges in Turkey-EU Relations: A Case of Foreign Policy with Domestic Implications
Turkey-EU Relations Between Association and Candidacy
Progress of the Relations: Candidacy and the Accession Process
One Step Back: Association and the Customs Union
Challenges and Disputes in Relations
Domestic Implications: EU Reforms, Inertia and Backsliding
Turkey Between the West and the Rest: Identity, Geopolitics and Economics
Notes
References
13 An Agent-Based Rationality Analysis of Turkey’s Relations with Greece
Introduction
The Current Mess: How Did It Come to This, and What Is at Stake?
The Aegean
Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, and Airspace
Military Status of the Greek Islands
The Extended Economic Zone (EEZ)
Mavi Vatan
Sea, Black Sea, and Eastern Mediterranean, Mavi Vatan4
Cyprus
Senturion Simulation Analysis of the Current Bargaining Space
Political System
Territorial Adjustment
Freedom of Settlement and Property Rights
Freedom of Movement
Overall Results
Prospects
Notes
References
14 Turkish-American Relations: From the Catalyst of the Model Country Image to the Reference Point of Defensive Discourses
2002–2007: Doubt and Trust
2007–2013: A Positive Spiral
2013–2017: Spiral is Reversing
2017–2021: Period of Crises
Conclusion
Notes
References
15 Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy and Its Reflections on Turkey–Russia Relations
Introduction
Bilateral Relations After the End of the Cold War
New Initiative: From Rivalry to Cooperation
Syria Crisis: The End of Compartmentalization
After the Jet Crisis: Normalization or the New Normal for Turkey and Russia?
Changing Security Challenges and Threat Perceptions of Turkey
Domestic Determinants of Turkey’s Relation with Russia
Conclusion
References
16 Turkey and the Middle East
Introduction
A Decade of Activism, Profound Opportunities, and Deepened Cooperation with the Middle East: 2000–2010
Post-2010: Ideology, Isolation and Back to National Interest?
2010–2013: Opportunities for Turkish Role in a Rapidly Changing Region
2013–2016: Years of Regional and Domestic Challenges and Isolation
2017–2021: Syria, Gulf Crisis, Libya, and Growing Cooperation with Russia
Post-2021: Domestic and Regional Challenges Culminating in a U-Turn in the Middle East Policy
Conclusion
Notes
References
17 Cooperation Amid Transformation: Turkey and International Organizations
Introduction
Systemic Shift and Its Implications on Turkey’s Policies
Regional Dynamics and Turkey’s Position
Domestic Incidents Causing Multilateral Turmoil
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index