The Republic of Turkey celebrates the centenary of its proclamation in 2023. Founded on the ruins of the Ottoman Empire, one of the world’s greatest empires both in terms of its geographical extent and its longevity, Republican Turkey has gone through a century of profound and constant changes and transformations from politics to society, economy to religion, or culture to history. These changes have been produced by inner and foreign policies carried out and implemented by the country’s leaders – from Atatürk, the founder of modern Turkey to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the current Turkish President in 2023 - but also under the influence of the regional and international context. This collective work aims to take stock of the great achievements of the Turkish republican project. It attempts to draw a general presentation of the evolution of contemporary Turkey in six main areas which constitute six major issues for the country: the general political evolution of Turkey focusing on the issue of citizenship; the transformations in the Turkish economy through a political economy analysis; the evolution of the relationship between religion, state and society; Turkey’s nation-building and the Kurdish question, which still seeks a solution; the changes in Turkish foreign policy focusing on the relationship between Turkey and the West; the relationship between Turkey and Europe, caught between the model of civilization for the republican regime and the prospects of accession to the European Union. Several “focus points” also concentrate on specific subjects such as the Alevi issue, the Cyprus issue or the Turkish soft power with an accent on Africa.
Author(s): Bayram Balci, Nicolas Monceau
Series: The Sciences Po Series in International Relations and Political Economy
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 217
City: London
Acknowledgments
Contents
Notes on Contributors
1 Introduction: From the Ottoman Empire to Republican Turkey—A Century of Disjunctions and Continuities
1.1 Continuities and Disjunctions
1.1.1 Disjunctions
1.1.2 Continuities
1.2 The Great Dates That Marked the Republican Century
1.2.1 The Single Party Period
1.2.2 The End of World War II: Adopting a Multi-party System and Integrating the Western Bloc
1.2.3 Military Interventions and Their Impact on Turkish Political Life
1.2.4 The End of the Cold War and the AKP in Power
1.3 Structure and Contents of the Book
References
2 Belonging to a Republic or Something Else: An Assessment of the Evolution and Challenges to Modern Citizenship in Contemporary Turkey
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Citizenship as Modernization: Two Models of Nationhood and the Turkish Experience
2.3 Turkish Citizenship: Civic-Territorial or Ethnic-Genealogical
2.4 Citizenship as a Political Mode of Integration: Two Modalities and Turkish Republicanism
2.5 Turkish Citizenship: Liberal or Republican?
2.6 Democratic Versus Authoritarian Contexts: The Achievements and Failures of Turkish Modernization and the Challenges to Republican Citizenship in Contemporary Turkey
2.7 Citizenship and Democracy in Turkey Today
2.8 Conclusion
Notes
References
3 Transformations in the Turkish Economy: A Political Economy Analysis of 100 Years of the Republic of Turkey
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Formation: The New Republic and Its Economy
3.2.1 The Great Depression and the Rise of Statism
3.2.2 World War II and Turkey’s Adjustments to the Post-War Era
3.3 Import Substitution Industrialization and Planning
3.3.1 Limits of Capitalist Planning
3.3.2 The ISI Crisis
3.4 Transition to Neoliberalism
3.4.1 The Measures of January 24, 1980 and the Changing Growth Model
3.4.2 Liberalization of Capital Movements
3.5 Dependent Financialization and Its Crisis
3.5.1 2001 Crisis and Post-Crisis Program
3.5.2 2013 as a Turning Point
3.5.3 New Directions After 2018
3.6 Conclusion
Notes
References
4 The State and Religion from 1923 to 2023: Major Tendencies in an Incomplete Development
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Creating a Modern Secular State on the Western Model: Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s Original Aim
4.2.1 Institutions Serving Kemalist Secularism
4.2.2 The Turkish Army as the Guardian of a Particular Form of Secularism
4.2.3 The Diyanet and Its Ambiguous Vision of Secularism
4.2.4 The Issue of Education at the Centre of the Debate About Secularism
4.3 Between Re-Islamization and Democratization, Reforms of Secularism by the Ruling AKP Party
4.3.1 The AKP in Power, and Its Reforms of the Kemalist Establishment
4.3.2 The Diyanet More Than Ever at the Service of the AKP Government
4.3.3 Education Now More Open to Islam
4.3.4 The Turkish Army is No Longer the Guardian of Secularism
4.4 Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Turkey’s Nation-Building and the Kurdish Question
5.1 The Ottoman Legacy
5.2 1920–1946: Negotiating National Identity
5.3 1946–1980: A Partial Opening?
5.4 After the Coup: 1960s-1980s
5.5 1980s: Emerging Forms of Kurdish Nationalism
5.6 1990s: The Bifurcated State
5.7 The 2000s: Muslim Identity or Progressive Politics?
5.8 The Kurdish Opening: Strategy of Incorporation?
5.9 Renewed Fighting
5.10 Conclusion
Notes
References
6 Turkey, the West and the Endless Search for Power
6.1 The Interwar Years and Balanced Westernism
6.2 Turkey as an Outpost of the Containment Strategy
6.3 Detente and Balancing
6.4 The Peak of Autonomy in Foreign Policy: The Cyprus Intervention
6.5 Turkey Between Military Rule and Neoliberalism
6.6 The Tumultuous 1990s
6.7 The Rise of the Islamist Politics: The Many Faces of the AKP
6.8 The Arab Spring and the Illusion of Neo-Ottomanism
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Turkey and Europe, an Ambivalent Relationship Since the Establishment of the Turkish Republic
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Turkey and Europe: An Age-Old Relationship
7.2.1 From the Ottoman Empire to the Republic of Turkey: Between Alliances and Conflicts
The Ottoman Empire, a “European Power”
“The Sick Man of Europe”: The Eastern Question
The Republic of Turkey: Europe, a “Model of Universal Civilisation”
7.2.2 Opting for Europe and the West After World War II
Turkey as a Key Member of NATO
Membership of Major European Organisations
7.3 Multidimensional Relations Between Turkey and Europe
7.3.1 A Privileged Economic Partnership
7.3.2 A Pro-Western Military and Security Commitment
7.3.3 Turkish Immigration and Integration in Europe
7.3.4 Participation in Sporting and Cultural Events
7.4 The Issue of Turkey’s Membership of the European Union
7.4.1 The Ankara Association Agreement at the Start of Accession Negotiations
7.4.2 Opening Negotiations: A Decisive Lever
7.4.3 What is at Issue Over Turkey's Accession: Debates and Perceptions
Objective and Subjective Criteria
Turkey, a “Mirror” of European Issues
Different Partisan Positions in Different European Countries
7.4.4 The Future of Turkey-EU Relations
Europeans’ Dilemma About Turkey, Cooperation or Denunciation
Scenarios and Hypotheses
7.5 Conclusion: Where Are Turkish-EU Relations Going?
Notes
References
8 Conclusion: Turkey at the Crossroads in 2023
Notes
Republic of Turkey
Box A—Back To: The Origins of the Cyprus Question
Box B—The Alevis in Turkey: The Maintaining of Discrimination
References
Box C—Turkey in Africa, A New Power
Historical Perspective
Political Relationships
Economic Relations
Soft Power That Is Here to Stay
Military Links
Conclusion
