Over the past decade, the tumor microenvironment has become one of the most important research areas in cancer biology, as cells within the tumor microenvironment, despite being outnumbered by healthy cells, are able to evade surveillance and immune-mediated destruction. While researchers have learned a great deal about the cellular and structural makeup of the tumor microenvironment, there has been a growing understanding of the metabolic interplay between the tumor micronenvironment’s various cellular constituents and how each of them contributes to overall tumor growth and metastases. This new volume will guide researchers, students, oncologists and academics through a rapidly developing and changing field with a thorough understanding of tumor microenvironment biology from a cellular, structural, metabolic, and immunological perspective.
Author(s): Debabrata Banerjee, Raj K. Tiwari
Series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1350
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 177
City: Cham
Preface
References for general reading on history of Tumor Microenvironment:
Contents
About the Editors
Inflammatory Components of the Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment: An Avenue for Identification of Novel Biomarkers
1 Tumor Microenvironment of Solid Tumors
1.1 Defining the Tumor Microenvironment
1.2 Cellular Constituents of the Tumor Microenvironment
1.2.1 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)
1.2.2 Endothelial Cells (ECs)
1.2.3 Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs)
1.2.4 Immune Cells
1.3 Immune Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment
1.3.1 Natural Killer Cells (NK Cells)
1.3.2 Dendritic Cells
1.3.3 Mast Cells
1.3.4 T Regulatory Cells (Tregs)
1.3.5 CD8+ Cytotoxic T Cells (CTLs)
1.3.6 Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs)
2 Specificity of the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
2.1 Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
2.2 Thyroid Cancer
2.3 Heterogeneity of Thyroid Cancer Cells
2.4 Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
2.5 Amplified Metastatic Propensity of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
2.6 Thyroid Cancer and Inflammation
2.7 Dynamic Nature of the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
2.8 Immune Cell Remodeling of the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
2.9 Immune Surveillance in the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
2.10 Evolution of the Metastatic Phenotype Via Macrophages
2.11 Interacting Molecules of the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
2.11.1 Cytokines and Chemokines
2.11.2 Exosomes
3 Cellular Communication in the Tumor Microenvironment
4 Future Directions
4.1 Novel Targets of Therapeutic Intervention
References
Disruption of Cell-Cell Communication in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer as an Immunotherapeutic Opportunity
1 Tumor Microenvironment
2 Cellular Constituents
2.1 Immune Cells
2.1.1 Macrophages
2.1.2 Dendritic Cells (DCs)
2.1.3 Natural Killer (NK) Cells
2.1.4 T Lymphocytes
2.2 Nonimmune Cells
2.2.1 Neuroendocrine Cells
2.2.2 Adipose Cells
2.2.3 Endothelial Cells
2.2.4 Mesenchymal Cells
2.2.5 Fibroblasts
3 Dynamic Nature of the Tumor Microenvironment
4 Specificity of the Thyroid Tumor Microenvironment
4.1 Immune Landscape in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
4.2 Immune Surveillance in Thyroid Cancer
4.3 Evolution of the Metastatic Phenotype
4.4 Interacting Molecules
4.4.1 ATC Has a Complex Cytokine Milieu
4.4.2 Immune Targets on the Tumor and Its Tripartite Cell-Cell Communication
4.4.3 T Cell Co-signaling Molecules
4.4.4 Immune Checkpoint Molecules in Cancer
4.4.5 ATC Has T Cell-Inflamed Immune Microenvironment
4.4.6 Immune Modulatory Molecules in ATC: An Unexplored Realm
5 Consequences of Three-Way Communication
5.1 Inflammation and Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Complex Interplay
6 HVEM/CD160/BTLA Axis in ATC
6.1 Novel Targets of Therapeutic Intervention
7 HVLA/BTEM Axis as Potential Therapeutic Target
8 Importance of TME Interacting Components Targets
9 Further Studies in ATC: Cytokines, miRNAs, Exosomes, etc.
References
Exosomes in the Healthy and Malignant Bone Marrow Microenvironment
1 The Bone Marrow Microenvironment
1.1 Endosteal Niche
1.2 Perivascular Niche
2 Exosomes
2.1 Characterization
2.2 Biogenesis
2.3 Cargo
2.4 Docking and Release
2.5 Uptake and Downstream Effects
3 Bone Marrow-Associated Cancers
4 Microenvironment in Maintaining Cancer Stem Cells
5 Exosome-Mediated Communication: Hematologic Malignancies
5.1 Endothelial Cells
5.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
5.3 Macrophages
5.4 Osteoblasts
6 Exosome-Mediated Communication: Bone Marrow-Metastatic Breast Cancer
6.1 Endothelial Cells
6.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
6.3 Macrophages
6.4 Osteoblasts
7 Therapeutic Strategies
7.1 Current Therapies
7.2 Exosome-Based Therapies
7.3 Limitations of Exosome-Based Therapies
7.4 3D BMM: In Vitro Approaches to Improve Clinical Efficacy
8 Conclusion
References
Structural Biology of the Tumor Microenvironment
1 Structural Biology of the TME
2 Cellular Elements
2.1 Fibroblasts
2.2 Adipocytes
2.3 Vascular Endothelial Cells
2.4 Pericytes
2.5 Lymphatic Endothelial Cells
2.6 Immune Cells
3 Structural Elements
3.1 Vasculature
3.2 Extracellular Matrix
3.3 ECM Structural Proteins
References
Metabolic Interactions Between Tumor and Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
1 Introduction
2 Metabolic Alterations in Cancer Cells
3 Signaling Pathways Promoting Metabolic Alterations in Tumor
4 Signaling Pathway Alterations in Tumor-Associated Stroma
5 Stromal Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment
6 CAFs as Mediators of Tumor-Stroma Interaction
7 Chemokines in Driving Tumor-Stroma Interactions
8 Lactate in Driving Tumor-Stroma Interactions
9 Epigenetic Reprogramming in the Tumor Microenvironment
10 Therapeutic Targeting of Molecular Interaction Between Tumor and Stroma
11 Conclusion
References
Interacting Genetic Lesions of Melanoma in the Tumor Microenvironment: Defining a Viable Therapy
1 Types of Melanoma
2 Therapeutic Options
3 Genetic Lesions and Immunogenicity in Melanoma
4 The Melanoma Tumor Microenvironment
4.1 Immunoglobulin Superfamily
4.2 Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily
5 Expression of Immune Targets on Melanoma Cells
6 Perspectives
7 HVEM/BTLA/CD160 Interactome
References
Noncoding RNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Interaction with Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs) in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) and Regulators of Differentiation and Lymph Node Metastasis
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview of the Thyroid Gland
1.1.1 Normal Thyroid Differentiation and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
1.1.2 Thyroid Hormone Production and Regulation
1.2 Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
1.2.1 Classification of Thyroid Cancers
1.3 Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Thyroid Nodules
1.3.1 Initial Evaluation of a Thyroid Nodule
1.3.2 FNA and Current Molecular Classifiers
1.3.3 Treatment Modalities
1.3.4 Potential Role of Novel Biomarkers
1.4 lncRNAs in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
1.4.1 Structure and Function of lncRNAs
1.4.2 lncRNA Investigation in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
2 lncRNAs Highly Associated with Thyroid Differentiation and Tissue-Specific Expression
3 lncRNAs Expressed in Primary Tumors that Predict LNM
4 lncRNas as Regulators of Molecular Phenotype and Interaction with Components of TME
References
Index
