Tsunamiites: Features and Implications

Cover
Tsunamiites
Copyright
Contributors
Preface to the second edition
1. Introduction: why a Book on Tsunamiites
References
2. The term “Tsunamiite”
References
3. Tsunamis and tsunami sedimentology
1. Introduction
2. Generation, propagation, and quantification
2.1 Generation of tsunamis
2.1.1 Earthquake-induced tsunamis
2.1.2 Tsunamis induced by submarine sliding
2.1.3 Volcanism-induced tsunamis
2.1.4 Tsunamis induced by asteroid impact
2.2 Propagation of tsunamis
2.2.1 Tsunamis in the deep sea
2.2.2 Tsunamis in shallow seas
2.3 Quantification of tsunamis
2.3.1 Tsunami height
2.3.2 Tsunami period
2.3.3 Run-up height
2.3.4 Tsunami magnitude
2.3.5 Tsunami intensity
3. Tsunami sedimentology
3.1 The mechanics of sediment transport
3.1.1 Shear stress and tractive force
3.1.2 Critical condition of sediment transport
3.1.3 Turbulence and terminal falling velocity
3.1.4 Mode of particle motion: bed load and suspension load
3.1.5 Quantity of sedimentary particles in a tsunami-induced current
3.2 Characteristics of tsunami deposits
3.2.1 Submarine tsunami deposits
3.2.2 Lacustrine tsunami deposits
3.2.3 Onshore tsunami deposits
3.3 A review of onshore tsunami sedimentation
3.3.1 Sedimentological feature associated with tsunami run-up
3.3.2 Source and particle composition of tsunami deposits
3.3.3 Sedimentological features associated with tsunami backwash
3.3.4 Sedimentological features associated with repetition and waning of waves
3.4 The occurrences of tsunamis and tsunamiites
3.4.1 Distinction between tsunami and storm deposits
3.4.2 Quantitative evaluation of ancient tsunamis
4. Concluding remarks
References
4. Bedforms and sedimentary structures characterizing tsunami deposits
1. Introduction
2. Differences of waveforms between tsunami- and storm-induced waves
3. Bedforms and sedimentary structures reflecting the tsunami waveform
4. Single-bed deposits
5. Multiple-bed deposits
5.1 Succession of sand sheets capped by mud drapes
5.2 Repeated reversal of current directions
5.3 Fining and thinning upwards series of sand sheets
6. Depositional model in shallow water
7. Conclusions
References
5. Tsunami depositional processes reflecting the waveform in a small bay: interpretation from the grain-size distribution and ...
1. Introduction
2. Regional setting
2.1 The Paleo-Tomoe Bay and its Holocene deposits
2.2 Storm waves and tides around the Southern Boso Peninsula
3. Sedimentary facies of the tsunami deposits
3.1 Unit Tna
3.2 Unit Tnb
3.3 Unit Tnc
3.4 Unit Tnd
4. Grain-size distribution of the tsunami deposits
4.1 Sampling and methodology
4.2 The T3 tsunami deposit at location 58
4.3 The T3 tsunami deposit at location 45
5. Discussion
5.1 Tsunami waveform
5.2 Relationship between grain-size distribution and tsunami waveform
5.3 Discriminating tsunami deposits from storm deposits
5.4 Tsunami deposits with a saw-toothed grain-size distribution
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. Deposits of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami
1. Introduction
2. 1992 tsunami deposits along the Nicaragua coast
2.1 Site-by-site observations
2.1.1 Jiquilillo
2.1.2 Corinto
2.1.3 Poneloya
2.1.4 Playa Hermosa
2.1.5 El Transito
2.1.6 Masachapa
2.1.7 Pochomil
2.1.8 Casares
2.1.9 Huehuete
2.1.10 Punta Teonoste
2.1.11 Las Salinas
2.1.12 Playa de Popoyo
2.1.13 Northernmost Costa Rica
3. Tsunami deposits near Playa de Popoyo
4. Grading of the tsunami deposits
4.1 Landward grading
4.2 Vertical grading
4.2.1 Playa de Popoyo
4.2.2 Las Salinas
5. Discussion
Appendix A
Field and laboratory protocols
A.1
Sea level data
A.2
Proximal to distal sampling
A.3
Vertical sampling
A.4
Analysis
Acknowledgments
References
7. Sedimentary characteristics and depositional processes of onshore tsunami deposits: an example of sedimentation associated ...
1. Introduction
2. General setting
3. Methods
3.1 Field survey
3.2 Sedimentary description
4. Results
4.1 General characteristics
4.2 Sedimentary structures
4.3 Sedimentary units and facies
4.3.1 Unit 1 as the first inflow deposits
4.3.2 Unit 2 as the first outflow deposits
4.3.3 Unit 3 as the second inflow deposits
4.3.4 Unit 4 as the second outflow deposits
4.3.5 Interpretation of the four units
5. Discussion
5.1 Sedimentary characteristics and facies of the 1993 onshore tsunami deposits
5.2 An ideal model of the 1993 tsunami sedimentation
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
8. Distribution and significance of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits: initial results from Thailand and Sri Lanka
1. Introduction
2. Localities and methods of study
3. Distribution and significance of the tsunami deposits
3.1 Pakarang Cape, Thailand
3.2 Bang Sak beach, Thailand
3.2.1 Transect A (artificial beach)
3.2.2 Transect B (natural beach)
3.3 Garanduwa, Sri Lanka
3.3.1 Transect C (natural beach)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9. Thickness and grain-size distribution of Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at Khao Lak and Phra Thong Island, South-Western Tha ...
1. Introduction
2. Study areas
3. Impact of the tsunami
4. Thickness and grain-size distribution
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
10. Lessons from the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami: implications for Paleotsunami research
1. Introduction
2. The 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami and its precursors
3. Lessons learned from the Tohoku-oki tsunami
3.1 Limitation of marine materials as evidence for tsunami inundation
3.2 Larger extent and lower preservation potential of offshore tsunami deposits
3.3 Possible false dating of Paleotsunami events due to tsunami-induced erosion
3.4 Uncertainties in tsunami inundation distance based on deposit extent
3.5 Spatial variability of deposit thickness and its relation to flow depth
3.6 Challenges to estimating earthquake size and extent from tsunami deposits
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11. An overview on offshore tsunami deposits
1. Introduction
2. Offshore tsunami deposits – current knowledge
3. Offshore tsunami deposits – their features
3.1 Internal architecture
3.2 Textural and compositional aspects
3.3 Geochemical inferences
3.4 Palaeontological features
3.5 Differentiation from other high-energy events
4. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
12. Combined investigation of tradition archives and sedimentary relics of tsunami hazards – with reference to the Great 1700 C ...
1. Introduction
2. The tsunami traces of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake and corresponding archives in Japan
2.1 An enormous tsunami told in stories down through tradition by native tribes of Canada
2.2 Modern traces of sudden subsidence of Cascadia coast and an accompanying earthquake
2.3 Sedimentary traces of tsunami flow and their formative influence
2.4 Date identification of the 1700 tsunami from documents of towns along the Japanese coast
2.5 Estimation of the occurrence time of the Great 1700 Cascadia earthquake
2.6 Estimation of magnitude of the 1700 Great Cascadia earthquake
2.7 Discussions on the 1700 Great Cascade earthquake
3. Examples from the Japanese islands
3.1 Documented Jogan tsunami of July 13, 869 CE and its sedimentary records
3.2 Other examples in Japan and their lessons
4. Lack of sedimentary relic – A supplementary discussion
5. Conclusive remarks
Acknowledgments
References
13. Deep-sea homogenites: sedimentary expression of a prehistoric megatsunami in the Eastern Mediterranean
1. Introduction
2. Deep-sea homogenites
2.1 Type A homogenites
2.1.1 Characteristics
2.1.2 Interpretation
2.2 Type B homogenites
2.2.1 Characteristics
2.2.2 Interpretation
3. Discussion
3.1 Data
3.2 Absence of tephra Z-2 in our data set
3.3 Absence of homogenites in the Herodotus abyssal plain
3.4 Comparison of type A and type B homogenites
3.4.1 Type A
3.4.2 Type B
4. Conclusions
5. Post scriptum
Acknowledgments
References
14. Tsunami-related sedimentary properties of mediterranean homogenites as an example of deep-sea tsunamiite
1. Introduction
2. Setting, types, and distribution of homogenites
3. Sedimentary properties
3.1 Structures and grain-size distribution
3.2 Constituents and their relation to other features
4. Discussion of sedimentological problems
4.1 Erosion of the deep-sea bottom
4.2 Genesis of the sandy division of the type B homogenite
4.3 High tsunami-induced suspension cloud
4.4 Accumulation rate of the suspended load
4.5 Records of shuttle movement and backwash current of tsunamis
5. Comparison with other deep-sea tsunamiites
6. Concluding remarks
Appendix: reflections on terminology
Acknowledgments
References
Additional comment to Chapter 14
Further reading
15. Volcanism-induced tsunamis and tsunamiites
1. Introduction
2. Volcanism-induced tsunamis
2.1 The 1640 CE Hokkaido-Komagatake eruption and tsunami
2.2 The 1741 CE Oshima-Ohshima eruption and tsunami
2.3 The 1792 CE Unzen eruption and tsunami
2.4 The 1883 CE Krakatau eruption and tsunami
2.5 The 1888 CE Ritter tsunami
2.6 The 1994 CE Rabaul eruption and tsunamis
3. Volcanism-induced tsunamiites
3.1 Managua tsunami deposits of 3000–6000 BP
3.2 Santorini tsunami deposits of 3500 BP
3.3 Aniakchak tsunami deposits of 3500 BP
3.4 The 1640 CE Komagatake tsunami deposits
3.5 The 1883 CE Krakatau tsunami deposits
3.6 The 1994 CE Rabaul tsunami deposits
3.7 The 1996 CE Karymsky tsunami deposits
4. Discussion and summary
Acknowledgments
References
16. Tsunamiites—conceptual descriptions and a possible example at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary in the Pernambuco Basin, No ...
1. Prologue
2. Introduction and previous studies
3. A theoretical approach toward the identification of tsunamiites
4. Methods and data analyses
5. Geological setting of the study area
6. Characteristics of the Poty quarry K/Pg boundary
7. The controversy about the position of the K/Pg boundary
8. Bed D, the possible tsunamiite and a tentative model
8.1 Characteristics of bed D
8.2 Semiquantitative modeling of the depositional process of bed D
8.3 Discussion of the tsunami process
9. Updated information on the area (K/Pg boundary at Poty quarry)
9.1 Discussion on alternative interpretations
9.2 Present situation of the K/Pg boundary section at Poty quarry
10. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
17. Deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary
1. Introduction
2. Paleogeography of the proto-Caribbean sea and geological setting of the study sites
3. Sedimentary processes of the Peñalver Formation
3.1 Stratigraphic setting and studied localities
3.2 Lithology and petrography at the type locality near Havana
3.3 Lateral and vertical variations in lithology, composition and grain size
3.4 Origin and sedimentary mechanism
4. Comparison of K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea
4.1 Cacarajícara Formation
4.2 Moncada Formation
4.3 DSDP sites 536 and 540
4.3.1 Stratigraphical setting
4.3.2 Lithology of units 3 and 4
4.3.3 Sedimentary mechanism of units 3 and 4
4.4 Comparison of the thickness and sedimentary structures of the K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea
4.5 Compositional variations of the K/T-boundary deep-sea tsunami deposits in the proto-Caribbean sea
5. Implications for the genesis and number of tsunami currents at the K/T boundary
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
18. The genesis of oceanic impact craters and impact-generated tsunami deposits
1. Introduction
2. Morphology of oceanic impact craters
3. The generation of tsunamis by oceanic impacts
3.1 Crater-generated tsunamis
3.2 Landslide-generated tsunamis
4. Impact-generated tsunami deposits inside and outside the oceanic impact craters
4.1 Deposits formed by water flowing into an oceanic impact crater
4.2 Impact-generated deposits outside an oceanic impact crater
5. Distribution and significance of the K/T-boundary tsunami deposits around the Chicxulub crater
5.1 The K/T-boundary impact event
5.2 On the edge of the Yucatán platform
5.3 The Gulf of Mexico region
5.3.1 Brazos River section
5.3.2 North-Eastern Mexico (the K/T-boundary sandstone complex)
5.4 The proto-Caribbean sea region (DSDP sites, Haiti and Cuba)
5.5 The Atlantic Ocean
5.6 The Pacific Ocean
6. Significance and distribution of the K/T-boundary tsunami deposits
7. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
19. Tsunami boulder deposits – a strongly debated topic in paleo-tsunami research
1. Introduction
1.1 A short glance on tsunami and paleotsunami research
1.2 Costal boulders, tsunami boulders, and the role of their depositional environment on dislocation process and history
2. Examples of tsunami boulder deposition
2.1 Documented case studies of recent tsunami events
2.2 Boulders deposited by paleotsunami events
3. Conclusion
References
20. Characteristic features of tsunamiites
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of tsunamis and tsunami deposition
2.1 Diastrophic nature of tsunamis and tsunamiite deposition
2.2 Length of tsunami waves and sedimentary structures in tsunamiites
2.3 Shuttle movement of tsunamis and its records
2.4 Shuttle movement versus gravity flows and tsunamiite variety
2.5 Tsunamiites as marker horizons
2.6 Associated sediments
3. Sedimentary structures in tsunamiite beds
3.1 Sedimentary structures in a sedimentary set
3.2 Grading in a layer and fining upward through stacked layers
3.3 Current structures
4. Constituents of tsunamiites
5. Tsunamiite features in various environments
5.1 Coastal plain
5.2 Coastal lacustrine basin
5.3 Beach
5.4 Nearshore
5.5 Bottom of bays
5.6 Shallow sea including continental shelf
5.7 Deep-sea environments
6. Conclusive remarks
Acknowledgments
References
21. Sedimentology of tsunamiites reflecting chaotic events in the geological record – significance and problems
1. Introduction
2. Tsunamiites as records of ancient events
2.1 Studies of impact-induced tsunamiites
2.2 Earthquake-induced tsunamiites and tectonics in geological time
2.3 Volcanic-eruption-induced tsunamiites
2.4 Submarine slides and tsunamiites
3. Patterns of tsunamiite occurrence in time
3.1 Meteorite-impact frequency and tsunamiites
3.2 Earthquake-induced tsunamiite occurrences and sea-level change
3.3 Slump-induced tsunamiites and sea-level change
4. Preservation potential of tsunamiites
5. Conclusive remarks and future studies
Acknowledgments
References
Selected bibliography
Index