This book looks at the recent developments in the area of photocatalytic degradation of dyes using photocatalytic techniques, for example by means of various nanoparticles, heterogeneous, and hybrid systems. Dyes are one of the major groups of water pollutants and are widely used in a diverse range of industries. The toxic effects of organic dyes in wastewater can have a great environmental impact, therefore there is significant interest and need to remove these dyes effectively and efficiently during wastewater treatment.
This volume covers a plethora of basics on the photochemistry of dyes and provides information on technological perspectives including reactor designs and process intensification. Since many industries release a significant amount of colored effluents, which are toxic and difficult to remove by conventional methods, the comprehensive studies herein will contribute to helping reduce the impact of colored effluents in wastewater on the environment.
Author(s): Sushma Dave, Jayashankar Das
Series: Environmental Science and Engineering
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 286
City: Cham
Contents
1 Dyes and Pigments: Interventions and How Safe and Sustainable Are Colors of Life!!!
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Ancient History of Uses of Dyes
1.2 Classification of Dyes
1.2.1 Natural Dyes
1.2.2 Synthetic Dye
1.2.3 Pigments
1.3 Application of Dyes
1.3.1 In Textile Sector
1.3.2 In Food Industry or Food Supply Chain
1.3.3 In Packaging and allied Sectors
1.3.4 In Cosmetic Sector
1.4 Toxic Implications Production and Discharge to Effluents
1.5 Guidelines
1.5.1 Market Scenario and Growth of Dyes and Pigments
1.5.2 New Designing of Dyes Using Computed Programming for Functional Applications
1.5.3 Bacterial Pigments with Reduced or Minimal Toxicity Implications
1.6 Future Prospects
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes Using Heterogeneous Catalysts
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Dyes
2.3 Impact of Textile Dyes on the Environment
2.4 Principle of Photocatalysis and Mechanistic Pathways
2.4.1 Photocatalysts
2.4.2 Basic Principle of Photocatalysis
2.5 Effect of Key Operational Parameters
2.5.1 Effect of pH
2.5.2 Effect of the Dose of Semiconductor
2.5.3 Effect of the Initial Concentration of Dye
2.5.4 Effect of Additives
2.5.5 Effect of Temperature
2.5.6 Effect of Light Intensity and Wavelength
2.5.7 Effect of Irradiation Time
2.6 Degradation Studies of Dyes
2.6.1 General Considerations
2.6.2 Photocatalytic Degradation Scheme for an Azo Dye
2.6.3 Effect of Substituents
2.6.4 Comparison of Cationic and Anionic Dye
2.6.5 Correlation of Dye Degradation with Its Type
2.6.6 Effect of Doping and Mixed Semiconductors
2.7 Types of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
2.7.1 TiO2 Catalyst
2.7.2 ZnO Catalyst
2.7.3 Other Photocatalysts
2.8 Application of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
2.8.1 Self-Cleaning
2.8.2 Air Cleaning
2.8.3 Application for Water and Wastewater Treatment
2.8.4 Removal of Trace Metals
2.8.5 Removal of Inorganic Compounds
2.8.6 Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
2.9 Conclusion and Outlook
References
3 Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Techniques of Dye Degradation in Effluents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature
3.3 Photocatalytic Dye Degradation Chemical Phenomena in Core–Shell
3.4 Optimization of Variables in Photocatalysis of Dye Degradation
3.4.1 pH Variable Effect on the Dye’s Degradation Chemical Phenomena
3.4.2 Issues Still to Be Handled with New Trends
3.5 Summary
References
4 Role of Doped Semiconductors in the Catalytic Activity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Photocatalytic Mechanism and Influencing Factor
4.2.1 Reaction Mechanism
4.3 Metal-Doped Semiconductor
4.3.1 Silver and Gold Doped Semiconductor
4.3.2 Silver Doped Semiconductor
4.3.3 Palladium Doped Semiconductor
4.3.4 Ag-Doped TiO2
4.3.5 Au–TiO2
4.4 Conclusion
References
5 Hybrid Treatment Technologies for Dye Degradation in Wastewater
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advanced Treatment Technologies
5.2.1 Fenton-Type Processes
5.2.2 Irradiation Based Processes
5.2.3 Ozone Based Processes
5.2.4 Other AOPs
5.3 Limitations of AOPs
5.4 Emerging Hybrid Treatment Technologies
5.4.1 Photochemical Processes Coupled with Electrochemical Processes
5.4.2 Photochemical Processes Coupled with Sonolytic Processes
5.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
6 Aerogel Nanomaterials for Dye Degradation
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Aerogel—Overview
6.2 Classification, Properties and Applications
6.2.1 Synthesis of Aerogel Materials
6.2.2 Dye Degradation using Aerogel Materials
6.3 Conclusion
References
7 Effective Materials in the Photocatalytic Treatment of Dyestuffs and Stained Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of Dyes
7.3 Photocatalysis
7.3.1 The Process of Photocatalysis
7.3.2 Direct Mechanism for Dye Degradation
7.3.3 The Mechanism of Indirect Degradation of Dye
7.4 Factors Affecting Photocatalytic Performances
7.4.1 pH
7.4.2 Light Intensity
7.4.3 Feed Flow Rate
7.5 Concentration of Reactants
7.5.1 Number of Catalysts Loading Layers on Substrate
7.6 Temperature During Catalyst Immobilisation
7.6.1 Ions Species
7.7 Photocatalysis of Wastewater
7.8 Dye Removal From Wastewater May Be Accomplished Using a Variety of Methods
7.8.1 Adsorption Technique
7.8.2 Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP)
7.8.3 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
7.8.4 Electrochemical Method
7.8.5 Ion-Exchange Method
7.8.6 Membrane Filtration Technique
7.9 Modulation of Photocatalysis of Wastewater by Dyes
7.9.1 Methyl Orange
7.9.2 Indigo Carmine
7.9.3 Malachite Green
7.9.4 Rhodamine B
7.9.5 Methylene Blue
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Optimizing Nanocatalyst’s and Technological Factors Influencing on Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic and Inorganic Pollutants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Significance of Photocatalysis in Water Treatment
8.3 Mechanism of Nanoparticles (Photocatalyst) Involved in Photocatalysis of Wastewater Pollutants
8.4 Factors Influencing on the Photocatalysis Mechanism
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Application in Photocatalysis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Preparation of Metallic Nanoparticles
9.2.1 Physical Methods
9.2.2 Chemical Methods
9.2.3 Biological Methods
9.3 Biological Synthesis
9.3.1 Plant Components in Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis
9.3.2 Microbial Components in Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
9.3.3 Animal Components in Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis
9.4 Mechanism of Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract
9.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles
9.6 Photocatalysis
9.6.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
9.6.2 Factors Affecting Photocatalysis Process
9.6.3 Role of Photocatalytic Process Against Different Wastewater Pollutants
9.7 Photocatalysts
9.7.1 Selection of Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts
9.7.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Photocatalysts
9.7.3 Nanocomposites and Other Photocatalysts
9.8 Future Scope and Conclusion
References
10 Mechanistic Aspect of the Dye Degradation Using Photocatalysts
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of Dyes
10.3 Dye-Related Toxicity
10.4 Techniques for Investigating Dye Degradation
10.5 Strategies for Dealing with Dye
10.5.1 Physical Mechanistic Procedures
10.5.2 Chemical Approaches
10.5.3 Biological Remediation
10.6 The Fundamentals of Photocatalysis
10.6.1 Photocatalytic Routes and Their Mechanism
10.6.2 Photocatalyst
10.6.3 Parameters Affecting Photocatalytic Degradation
10.6.4 Intermediary Product Detection
10.7 Conclusion
References
