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Trending Topics in Escherichia coli Research: The Latin American Perspective

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The Latin American region has been at the forefront in combating infections caused by Escherichia coli strains in humans, animals, and the environment. The continuous emergence and evolution of pathogenic E. coli strains associated with human and animal infections have demonstrated that (i) groups of related pathogenic E. coli are responsible for most infections caused by this bacterial species; (ii) diverse virulence phenotypes expressed during infection defined each one of these pathogroups; (iii) the geographical distribution of pathogroups in Latin America and the evolution of new isolates was defined by the dominant pathogroup and presence of distinct virulence strains; (iv) acquisition of mobile elements or accumulation of point mutations accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance in some of these strains. 

The Latin American Coalition for Escherichia coli Research (LACER), a multidisciplinary network of over seventy research groups in eleven Latin American countries and the USA, was established in 2009 to apply One Health principles in defining and combating this pathogen. The previous edition of this text, Escherichia coli in the Americas (c. 2016) was the culmination of their wisdom about E. coli, from its role as a commensal bacterium to its characteristics as a pathogen causing disease in animals and humans. 

This new edition presents recent advances and contextualizes all aspects of E. coli in a One Health perspective, from the environment, to animals, to humans. It addresses E. coli interactions with host microbiota, CNS, and phages. It includes cutting edge insights on hybrid strains, molecular mechanisms of virulence and pathogenesis, resistance, domestic and wild reservoirs, disease surveillance in Latin America, genomic analysis, food safety, and new therapies. Crucially, it also provides translations and analysis of key reports on Escherichia coli published in Spanish and Portuguese. This book serves as a critical resource for scientists in industry and academia, clinicians managing associated infections, and trainees and students studying basic and clinical aspects of E. coli pathogenesis. 

Author(s): Alfredo G. Torres
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 374
City: Cham

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: WHO Critical Priority Escherichia coli in Latin America: A One Health Challenge for a Post-Pandemic World
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Critical Priority E. coli in Brazil
1.1.2 Critical Priority E. coli in Argentina
1.1.3 Critical Priority E. coli in Uruguay
1.1.4 Critical Priority E. coli in Chile
1.1.5 Critical Priority E. coli in Ecuador
1.1.6 Critical Priority E. coli in Bolivia
1.1.7 Critical Priority E. coli in Peru
1.2 Conclusions
References
Untitled
Untitled
Chapter 2: Recent Progress on Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and Antibiotic Resistance in Pathogenic E. coli
2.1 General Concepts About ETEC
2.1.1 ETEC Is a Major Human Pathogen
2.1.2 ETEC Can Be a Food and Waterborne Pathogen
2.1.3 Animal ETEC
2.2 Recent Discoveries in Virulence and Pathogenesis
2.3 Epidemiology of ETEC in Latin America
2.4 Deciphering ETEC Evolution and Dissemination Through Genomics
2.5 The Microbiome and ETEC
2.6 ETEC Vaccines
2.7 Updates on Antibiotic Resistance in Intestinal and Extraintestinal E. coli
2.7.1 Antibiotic Resistance in Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC)
2.7.2 Antibiotic Resistance in Extraintestinal E. coli (ExPEC)
References
Chapter 3: New Concepts on Domestic and Wild Reservoirs and Transmission of E. coli and Its Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Animal Reservoirs of Several Pathotypes Described in the Last Years
3.2.1 Small Ruminants
3.2.2 Other Ungulates
3.2.3 Pets
3.2.4 Birds
3.2.5 Rodents
3.2.6 Other Reports from Wild Animals
3.3 E. coli Outside the Host
3.3.1 E. coli in the Aquatic Environment: Fecal Source or Adaptation?
3.3.2 E. coli in Soil
3.3.3 E. coli in the Soil of Urban Areas
3.3.4 STEC in the Environment of Farm
3.4 E. coli as a Source of Antimicrobial Resistance
3.4.1 Antimicrobial Resistance Crisis and Commensal E. coli
3.4.2 AMR in the Environment
3.4.3 AMR in the Food
3.4.4 Directionality of Domestic Animals and Humans
References
Chapter 4: New Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence and Pathogenesis in E. coli
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Type III Secretion System (T3SS) in E. coli
4.2.1 Architecture of the Type III Secretion System
4.2.2 Hierarchical Substrate Secretion: Molecular Switches
4.3 Type III Secretion System as Targets of Anti-virulence Agents for Pathogenic E. coli
4.4 Role of the Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) in E. coli
4.4.1 Structure of the T6SS
4.4.2 E. coli T6SS Effectors
4.5 Virulence Response of Pathogenic E. coli to the Microbiota
4.5.1 Regulation of E. coli Virulence Factors by the Microbiota
4.5.2 Modulation of E. coli Pathogenesis by Bacterial Proteases
4.5.3 Interbacterial Competition Using the T6SS
4.6 Role of Bacterial Cell Surface Structures in E. coli Biofilm Formation
4.6.1 Levels of Regulation in the Expression of Colonization Factors
4.6.1.1 Regulation at the Pre-transcriptional Level: Phase Variation
4.6.1.2 Regulation at the Transcriptional Level: Regulators and Effectors
4.6.1.3 Regulation at the Post-transcriptional Level
4.6.1.4 Regulation at the Translational Level
4.6.1.5 Regulation at the Post-translational Level
4.7 Cross-Communication Mechanisms Between Pathogenic E. coli and Cell-Host
4.7.1 Functionality and Effect of Bacterial OMVs
4.7.2 STEC and AIEC as Pathogenicity Models of Cross-Communication Mediated by OMVs
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Bovine Reservoir of STEC and EPEC: Advances and New Contributions
5.1 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC)
5.2 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)
5.3 Bovine Reservoir
5.4 Prevalence of STEC in Bovines: The Latin American Perspective
5.4.1 STEC in Bovines from Argentina
5.4.2 STEC Prevalence in Bovines from Brazil
5.4.3 STEC in Chilean Cattle
5.4.4 STEC in Cattle from Colombia
5.4.5 STEC Prevalence in Bovine Beef in Paraguay
5.4.6 STEC Prevalence in Dairy Cattle in Uruguay
5.4.7 EPEC Prevalence in Bovines: Latin America
5.5 Serotypes, Virulence Factors, and Resistance Mechanisms in STEC and EPEC Isolated from Cattle
5.6 Antibiotic Resistance
5.7 Biofilm Formation
5.8 Prevention and Control
5.8.1 Animal Diet
5.8.2 Feed Additive
5.8.3 Immunization and Bacteriophage Therapy
5.8.4 Inhibition of STEC Biofilm
References
Chapter 6: Phages and Escherichia coli
6.1 Brief and General Description of Phages
6.2 Natural Interactions Between Phages and Bacteria
6.3 Phages and STEC
6.3.1 Phages That Encode Shiga Toxins (Stx Phages)
6.3.2 Stx Phages from STEC Strains of Latin America
6.3.3 Stx Phage and HUS Development: The Forgotten Piece
6.4 Bacteriophages as Therapeutic Agents: Advantages and Disadvantages
6.5 Phage Biocontrol/Therapy Against Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Latin America
6.5.1 Phages Against Enteropathogenic E. coli
6.5.2 Phages Against Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli
6.5.3 Phages Against Uropathogenic E. coli
6.5.4 Phages Tested Against Biofilms Formed by E. coli
6.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Insights into Animal Carriage and Pathogen Surveillance in Latin America: The Case of STEC and APEC
7.1 General Concepts
7.2 General Concepts of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (STEC)
7.3 STEC in Animals
7.4 STEC in Animals in Latin American Countries
7.4.1 Chile
7.4.2 Argentina
7.4.3 Brazil
7.5 Foodborne Infection Surveillance in Latin America
7.6 Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)
7.7 APEC in Latin American Countries
7.8 Current Situation in Brazil
7.9 Perspectives and Control
References
Chapter 8: Shiga Toxin and Its Effect on the Central Nervous System
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Predictors of Neurological Deficits as Worst Risk Factors in Typical HUS
8.3 Deleterious Action of Stx in Neurons
8.4 BBB Functional Loss by Endothelial Cells
8.5 Cerebrospinal Fluid-Brain Barrier Impairment: Involvement of AQP4
8.6 Involvement of Glial Cells in STEC-HUS Encephalopathy
8.6.1 Reactive Astrocytes Triggering Neuroinflammation by STEC Toxins
8.6.2 Heat or LPS Modulate the Microglial Response to Stx
8.6.3 Oligodendrocytes Are Oxidative and Proinflammatory Targets
8.7 Current Pharmacological Treatments Used for STEC-HUS Encephalopathy
8.7.1 Steroid Pulse Therapy
8.7.2 Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoadsorption
8.7.3 Complement Factor Binding Antibody
8.8 Perspectives on Stx-Produced Encephalopathy Treatment
8.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Relevance of Escherichia coli in Fresh Produce Safety
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Relevance of Total and Fecal Coliforms and E. coli Detection in Produce
9.2.1 Total and Fecal Coliforms
9.2.2 Isolation and Identification of E. coli (Generic and Pathogenic) in Fresh Produce
9.3 Colonization and Internalization of E. coli
9.3.1 Adherence
9.3.2 Mechanisms of Colonization
9.3.3 Internalization
9.3.4 Biofilms
9.3.5 Other Mechanisms
9.4 Presence of Generic and Diarrheagenic E. coli in Fresh Produce in Latin America
9.5 Sources of Contamination During the Preharvest and Postharvest of Fresh Vegetable Production
9.5.1 Preharvest Factors
9.5.2 Postharvest Factors
9.6 Preventive Measures as Safety Mitigation Strategies in Fresh Produce
9.7 Antimicrobial Alternatives for Postharvest Use in Fresh Vegetables
9.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome due to Beef Consumption: Impact of Interventions to Reduce the Presence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)
10.3 Antimicrobial Effect of Different Interventions Against STEC on Beef Under Controlled Experimental Conditions
10.4 Antimicrobial Effect of Different Interventions Against STEC on Beef Carcasses in Commercial Abattoirs
10.5 Analysis of Scenarios to Reduce the Probability of Acquiring HUS Associated with Beef Consumption
References
Chapter 11: An Updated Overview on the Resistance and Virulence of UPEC
11.1 General Characteristics of UPEC
11.2 UPEC Virulence Factors and Pathogenicity
11.2.1 Interaction of UPEC Host Cells
11.3 Mechanisms of Resistance to the Main Antibiotics Used in Clinical Practice Against UPEC
11.3.1 β-Lactam Resistance
11.3.2 Aminoglycoside Resistance
11.3.3 Quinolone Resistance
11.3.4 Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim Resistance
11.3.5 Polymyxin Resistance
11.4 Epidemiology of the Antimicrobial Resistance of UPEC in Latin America
11.5 Alternative Therapeutics and Prevention Against UPEC Strains Causing UTIs
11.5.1 Vaccines
11.5.2 Plant Extracts
11.5.3 Probiotics
11.5.4 Phage Therapy
11.5.5 Additional Approaches
References
Chapter 12: Interactions of Pathogenic Escherichia coli with Gut Microbiota
12.1 Microbiota in Health and Disease
12.1.1 Crosstalk Between Gut Microbiota and Enteric Pathogens
12.1.1.1 Nutrients Availability
12.1.1.2 Mucus Barrier
12.1.2 Co-infections
12.1.3 Omics Tools for a More Comprehensive View of the Molecular and Physiological Events Underlying Diarrheal Disease
12.1.4 Microbiota Changes During DEC Infections
12.1.4.1 Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and STEC
12.1.4.2 Gut Microbiota in STEC-Infected Patients
References
Chapter 13: Emergence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains
13.1 Hybrid Diarrheagenic E. coli Pathotypes Associated with Human Intestinal Infections
13.2 Hybrid Extraintestinal Pathogenic E. coli: One Pathogen, Two Diseases
13.3 Research Perspectives in the Area
13.4 Potential Clinical Implications of Hybrids (More Severe Clinical Cases?)
13.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Genomic Analysis of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strains in Latin America
14.1 Complexity of the Pathogenic E. coli Diagnosis and Surveillance
14.2 Moving from Conventional Methodologies to Whole-Genome Sequencing: A Brief Tour
14.3 General Approaches for the Implementation of Whole-Genome Sequencing in Latin America
14.4 The E. coli Whole-Genome Sequencing and Data Analysis in Practice
14.5 Driving Toward E. coli Genomic Surveillance in Latin America
14.5.1 Global Framework for Genomic Epidemiology
14.5.2 Specific Strategies for Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis Applied Worldwide for E. coli Surveillance and Outbreak Investigation
14.5.3 Advances to Tackle the E. coli Genomic Surveillance in Latin America
14.6 Genomics for Identification and Characterization of Virulence Factors and Antimicrobial Resistance
14.7 Omics for Culture-Independent Subtyping of STEC and Outbreak Investigations
14.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Therapeutic Options for Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli
15.1 Historical Perspective
15.2 Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Characteristics and Clinical Description
15.2.1 Enteropathogenic E. coli
15.2.2 Enterotoxigenic E. coli
15.2.3 Enteroaggregative E. coli
15.2.4 Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli/Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
15.3 Diarrheal Features: Prevention and Management
15.3.1 Dehydrating Diarrhea
15.3.2 Non-STEC Bloody Diarrhea
15.3.3 Bloody Diarrhea/Dysentery and HUS Associated with STEC
15.3.4 Extraintestinal Infections
15.4 Alternative Options for Treatment
15.4.1 Antibodies
15.4.2 Bacteriophage Therapy
15.5 Remarks and Research Perspectives
References
Index