Tree Crops: Harvesting Cash from the World's Important Cash Crops

Acknowledgments
Introduction
Contents
About the Author
Chapter 1: Arecanut (Areca catechu L.)
Origin, History, and Geographical Distribution
The Botany and Taxonomy of the Areca Plant
The Cytogenetics of the Areca Palm
Genetic Resource Program
Areca Crop Improvement
The Agronomy of Arecanut
Soil and Climatic Requirement
Management Aspects
Irrigation
Arecanut Nutrition
Arecanut Physiology
Mixed Cropping Systems in Areca
Arecanut Pathology
Arecanut Entomology
Arecanut Nematology
Harvesting and Processing of Arecanut
A Look into Arecanut’s Future
References
Chapter 2: Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale L.)
Area and Global Production
The Indian Scenario
World Trade in Cashew
The Tale of Cashew Trade in India Over the Years
The History, Evolutionary Origin, and Distribution of Cashew
Economic Botany of Cashew
Taxonomy of the Cashew Plant
Cytogenetics of the Cashew Plant
Collection, Conservation, and Cataloging of Genetic Resources of the Cashew Plant
The Genetic Improvement of the Cashew Plant
Breeding
Selection
Hybridization
Fruit Set and Retention of Fruits
Performance of Cashew Hybrids
Biotechnology
Establishing and Managing a Cashew Orchard
Soil Requirement
Water Requirements
Manuringa Cashew Orchard
The Relevance of “The Nutrient Buffer Power Concept” in Cashew Nutrition
Some Salient Aspects of Raising Soft Wood Grafting
Planting Technology
High-Density Planting
Covercropping
Intercropping
Controlling Pests and Diseases in Cashew Plantations
Pest Control
Control of Foliage and Inflorescence Pests
Tea Mosquito Bug (Helopeltis sp.)
Leaf Miner (Acrocercops syngramma M.)
Leaf and Blossom Webber (Lamida moncusalis Walker and Orthaga exvinacea Hamps)
Shoot-Tip Caterpillar (Hypatima haligramma M.)
Apple and Nut Borer (Thylocoptila panrosema M. and Nephopterix sp.)
Stem and Root Borer
Biological Pest Control
Cashew Diseases and Their Control
Anthracnose
Inflorescence Blight
Dieback
Leaf Spot
Powdery Mildew
Effect of Inclemental Weather Conditions
Cashew End Products
Cashew Kernel
Cashew Kernel Peel
Products from the False Fruit
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)
Cashew Shell Cake
Value-Added Products
Organization of Cashew Research in India and Overseas
A Look into Cashew’s Future
Genetic Resources
Varietal Improvement
Biotechnological Interventions
Crop Management Techniques
Crop Protection
Post-Harvest Technology
Technology Transfer
Biodynamic Cashew
References
Chapter 3: The Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera L.)
Origin and Evolution
The Evolution of Coconut Along the Drifting Coastlines
Development of Wind-Resistance
The “Swimming” Coconut Fruit
True Palm Traits
Human Influence on Coconut Evolution
Botany of Coconut
Morphology
The Trunk
The Root System
The Frond
The Crown
The Inflorescence
The Fruit
The Seed and Seedling
Cytogenetics of Coconut
Genetic Improvement of Coconut
Source of Diversity
Characterization of the Genome of the Coconut Palm
Fruit Component Analysis
Use of Molecular Markers
Early Breeding Work
Hybrid Vigor in Coconut
Constraints in Coconut Breeding
Selection and Its Progress
Hybrids and Their Future
Commercial Production of Hybrid Seeds
In vitro Propagation
Agronomy of Coconut
Soils
Soil Water
Plant Nutrients
Tissue Analysis
Coconut-Based Mixed Cropping Systems and Their Management
Seed and Seedling Management
Germination Rate
Poly Bag Seedlings
Seedling Selection
Field Management
Productive Palms
Adaptation to Biotic Factors
The Range of Coconut Pests
Insect Pests
Disease Pathogens
Adaptation in Coconut Palm
A Devastating Virus
Adapting the Coconut to Market Needs
Yield Potential of the Coconut Palm
Quality Traits
The Fatty Acid Mix
Coconut as a Food Item
Research and Development in Coconut Production
Global Coordination
National Research Centers
Research in India and Sri Lanka
Research in the Second Half of Twentieth Century
A Look into the Future of Coconut
Protection of the Production Base
Advances in Processing Technology
Contact Information for Research Centers and Institutes
Bangladesh
Benin
Brazil
China
Cook Island
Costa Rica
Cote d’Ivoire
Cuba
Fiji
Ghana
Guyana
Haiti
India
Indonesia
Jamaica
Kenya
Kiribati
Malaysia
Marshall Island
Mexico
Mozambique
Myanmar
Nigeria
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Seychelles
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Tanzania
Thailand
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vietnam
References
Chapter 4: Cinchona (Cinchona sp.)
Origin and Use of Cinchona
Evolutionary History
Further Voyage of Cinchona to the East
Introduction of Cinchona to India and Sri Lanka
The Other Major Cinchona Producing Countries
The Characteristics and Chemistry of Cinchona Plantation Species
Taxonomy: Diversity Analysis of Source Species
Cinchona calisaya Wedd (Yellow Bark)
Cinchona ledgeriana Moons (Yellow Bark)
Cinchona officinalis Linn. (Pale or Crown Bark)
Cinchona pubescens Vahl. (syn. Cinchona succirubra Pav. ex klotzsch) (Red Bark)
Chemistry of Cinchona
Toxicology of Cinchona
Extraction, Production, and Trade
Extraction
Manufacturing Capacities
Global Trade in Cinchona
Quality Standards
The Market Turmoil
Research and Development Efforts in Cinchona
A Development of Improved Cultivation Practices
Breeding and Selection
Soil and Climate
Raising a Cinchona Plantation
Raising a Nursery
Planting and Management
Pests and Diseases
Role of Biotechnology in Cinchona Improvement
A Look into Cinchona’s Future
References
Chapter 5: Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
Origin and Distribution
Area and Production
The Botany of Cocoa
The Root
The Stem
Inflorescence
Self-Incompatibility in Cocoa
Fruits
Seeds
Classification
Germplasm Collection
Crop Improvement and Management
Priorities in Breeding
Breeding Methods
Selection
Hybridization
Hand Pollination
Pre-selection Method
Selection of Superior Hybrids
Clonal Seed Gardens
Problems in Hybridization
Inbreeding
Inbreeding for Disease Resistance
Black Pod (BP) (Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya)
Witch’s Broom (WB, Crinipellis perniciosa)
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus (CSSV)
Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) (Oncobasidium theobromae)
Moniliasis or Frosty Pod Rot (MO) (Moniliophthora roreri)
Ceratocystis Wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata)
Climatic Requirements for Cocoa
Effect of Temperature
Effect of Rainfall
Soil Type
Propagation
Seed Propagation
Vegetative Propagation
Budding
Rooting of Cuttings
Grafting
Shaping Clonal Cocoa Plants from Fan Shoots
Field Maintenance
Planting
Spacing
Shade for Cocoa
Manures and Fertilizers Used in Cocoa Cultivation
Method and Time of Fertilizer Application
Pruning
Control of Weeds in Cocoa Plantations
Irrigation Requirements
Top Working
Flowering and Fruit Set
Genetic Factors
Environmental Factors
Internal Factors That Influence Cocoa Production
Cherelle Wilt
Plant Protection
Insect Pests
Red Borer (Zeuzera coffeae)
Tea Mosquito (Helopeltis antonii)
Mealy Bugs (Planococcus lilacinus)
Gray Weevil (Myllocerus spp.)
Cockchafer Beetle (Leucopholis spp.)
Citrus Aphid (Toxoptera aurantii)
Red Branded Thrips
Storage Pests
Noninsect Pests
Striped Squirrels (Funambulus tristriatus)
Rats
Civet Cat (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
Diseases
Phytophthora Pod Rot (Phytophthora palmivora, Phytophthora capsici, Phytophthora megakarya, and Phytophthora citrophthora)
Colletotrichum Pod Rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc; Colletotrichum theobromae, Colletotrichum lurcificum, Colletotrichum eradwickii, Colletotrichum incarnatum, Colletotrichum fructitheobromae, and Colletotrichum thobromi
Botryodiplodia Pod Rot/Charcoal Pod Rot (Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat) Griffon and Maubl. Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat)
Witch’s Broom (Crinipellis perniciosa) Stahel Singer
Monilia Pod Rot (Moniliophthora roreri Evans)
Mealy Pod Rot (Trachysphaera fructigena Tabor & Bunting)
Seedling Blight [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
Vascular Streak Dieback (Oncobasidium theobromae Talbot and Keane)
Phytophthora Canker [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
Pink Disease (Corticium salmonicolor Berk & Br)
Thread Blight
White Thread Blight [Marasmiellus scandens (Massee) Dennis & Reid]
Horsehair Blight (Marasmius equicrinis Muell)
Koleroga Thread Blight
Colletotrichum Leaf Blight [Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc]
Chupon Blight and Twig Dieback [Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler]
Cocoa Swollen Shoot Virus
Ceratocystis Wilt (Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halst)
Verticillium Wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)
Cushion Galls
Root Diseases
Harvesting
Post-harvest Storage and Breaking Pods
Primary Processing
Fermentation
Biochemical Changes Occurring During Fermentation
Factors Affecting Fermentation
Ripeness of Pods
Pod Diseases
Type of Cocoa
Quantity of Cocoa
Duration
Turning
Seasonal Effects
Cocoa Bean Acidity
Bean Maturation
Box Maturation
Drier Maturation
Methods of Fermentation
Traditional Standard Methods
Heap Method
Tray Method
Box Method
Other Traditional Methods
Basket Method
Curing on Drying Platform
Judging the Endpoint of Fermentation
Small-Scale Methods of Fermentation
Drying
Sun Drying
Artificial Drying
Recovery of Cured Beans
Cleaning and Bagging
Storage
Secondary Processing
Cleaning and Sorting
Alkalization
Roasting
Kibbling and Winnowing
Blending and Grinding
Extraction of the Butter from the Cocoa Mass
Making Cocoa Powder
Production of Plain Chocolate
Tempering
Dressing
Packaging
Milk Chocolate
White Chocolate
Other Cocoa-Based Products
Nutritional Value of Chocolates
By-Products of Chocolate
Pod Husk
Sweatings
Shell
Germ
Research and Development Organizations
Manufacturers of Cocoa Products
A Look into Cocoa’s Future
References
Chapter 6: Coffee
Genetic Resources
Conservation of Germplasm
Breeding and Selection
Yield
Quality
Bean Quality
Liquor Quality
Other Quality Criteria
Disease Resistance
Stability of Performance
Combined Selection
Insect Resistance
Breeding Programs
Breeding for Disease Resistance
Coffee Leaf Rust
Coffee Berry Disease
Bacterial Blight of Coffee
Other Minor Diseases
Field Management
Environmental Requirements
Establishment
Spacing
Nutrient Management
Weed Control
Mulching
Pruning
Water Management
Intercropping and Shading in Coffee
Diseases of Coffee
Diseases of the Foliage
Berry Diseases
Dieback Diseases
Trunk and Branch Diseases
Wilt Diseases
Root Diseases
Nursery Diseases
Pests of Coffee
Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei Ferri) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Antestia Bug (Antestiopsis spp.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Scales and Mealy Bugs
Coffee Leaf Miner (Leucoptera spp.) (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae)
Stem and Branch Feeders
Consumer Choice and Coffee Adaptation
Research and Developmental Setup
A Look into the Future of Coffee
References
Chapter 7: Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin)
Historical Origin and Global Distribution
Taxonomy and Botany
Growing Conditions
Climatic Requirements
Soil Requirements
Nutrient Requirements
Collection of Oil Palm Germplasm
Recent Collections
Nigeria
Republic of Cameroon
Democratic Republic of Congo
Tanzania
Madagascar
Angola
Senegal
Gambia
Sierra Leone
Guinea
Elaeis oleifera
Characterization of Germplasm
Morphological Variation
Isozyme Variation
Molecular Variation
Characterization of Elaeis oleifera Germplasm Collection
Utilization of Oil Palm Germplasm
Genetic Improvement Through Breeding and Selection
Dwarfing Program (PSI)
High Unsaturation Oil (PS2)
High Lauric Acid (PS3)
High Carotene, Vitamin E, and Sterol
Disease Resistance
Prospects for Biotechnological Interventions
The Production of Oil in Oil Palm Fruits
A Blue Print to Modify Palm Oil Composition
The Place of Tissue Culturing in Oil Palm
Tissue Culture in Oil Palm
Clonal Abnormality
Field Performance
Pests and Diseases
Oil Palm Plantations and the Environment
A Look into the Future of Oil Palm
References
Chapter 8: Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
The Importance of Natural Rubber
Origin and Distribution of Rubber
The Rubber Industry: A Historical Perspective
Rubber as an Important Commercial Commodity: The Evolutionary Cycle Between 1700 and 1870
Early History of Domestication of Rubber Industry
Area, Production, and Productivity
Trends in Planted Area and Production
Area Under Rubber
Production and Productivity
World Trade in Natural Rubber
The Botany of Hevea Plant
Cytotaxonomic Background
The Morphology of the Hevea plant
Cytogenetics of the Hevea Plant
Commercial Adoption of Vegetative Propagation
Bark Anatomy
The Physiology of Latex Flow
Tapping Process
Ethephon: A Chemical Yield Stimulant
Tapping Notations
Tapping Systems
Biochemistry of Latex and Rubber Production
Genetic Improvement of Rubber
Breeding and Selection
The Objectives of Breeding
Breeding Methods
Introduction of Clones
Ortet Selection
Hybridization
How to Overcome the Constraints in Breeding?
Genetic Studies
Genetic Base and Germplasm Resources
Is There a Need to Broaden Genetic Base?
Fresh Germplasms: The 1981 Collection
Characterization, Evaluation, and Utilization
Biotechnological Interventions
In Vitro Methods
Micropropagation
Protoplast Culture
Somatic Embryogenesis
In Vitro Conservation
Genetic Transformation
Biochemical and Molecular Markers
Crop Management Under Different Cropping Systems
Crop Management Practices
Cover Crop Establishment
Weed Management
Intercropping
Irrigation
Ideal Soils for Rubber and Manuring Schedule
Diseases and Pests of Rubber
Tapping-Panel Dryness (Brown Bast)
Technological Developments
Modified Forms of Rubber
Discovery of Vulcanization
Product Development
Ancillary Products
Rubber Honey
Rubber Seed Oil
Rubber Wood
The “Ecofriendliness” of Rubber
Useful Information on Research and Development
Organizations in Rubber Production and Use
A Look into the Future of Rubber
References
Chapter 9: Tea (Camellia sinensis L.)
The Origin and History of Tea
The Different Practices of Tea Consumption
The Botany of Tea
Taxonomy and Genetics
Growing Conditions
Nutrient Requirements
Primary Nutrients
Secondary Nutrients
Micronutrients
Nursery Practices
Crop Management
Spacing
Pruning
Harvesting and Plucking
Propagation and Genetic Improvement of Tea Stocks
Propagation from Seed
Vegetative Propagation
Characteristics of Seedling and VP Tea
Micropropagation
Biotechnological Screening for Desirable Traits
Embryo Rescue
Anther and Microspore Culture
Somatic Hybridization Using Protoplast Fusion
Cryopreservation
The Evolution of Rational Pest and Disease Management
“Naturally” Grown Tea
The Downside of VP Tea Cultivation
The Adaptation of Tea to Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
The Variations in Tea Manufacture
Black Tea: Orthodox and CTC
Green Tea
Oolong Tea
Antioxidants in the Main Types of Tea
The Economics of Tea: Production and Global Trade
Early Tea Trade
Tea Production, Exports, and Consumption
World and Country Production
Production by Type
Country Exports
World and Country Consumption
Value Addition and Product Diversification in Tea
Packaging
Tea Bags
Instant Tea
RTD Teas
Iced Tea Drinks
Scented and Flavored Tea
Alcoholic Tea Drinks
Nonbeverage Tea Products
Nonfood Tea Products
Research and Development Institutions Related to Tea
Bangladesh
Central Africa
China
India
Indonesia
Iran
Japan
Kenya
Nepal
Nigeria
Pakistan
Russia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Taiwan
Tanzania
Vietnam
A Look into Tea’s Future
Strengths
The Traditions of Tea Drinking
Tea Research Culture
The Favorable Environmental Impact of Tea
Weaknesses
The Oversupply Situation
Mismatch in Requirements
Marginalization of Producers
Agrochemical Residues in Made Tea
Opportunities
Optimizing on the Health Benefits of Tea
The Emergence of New Markets
Adapting to a New Generation of Consumers
Cleaning Up the Product
Growing Tea Alongside Other Profitable Crops
Threats
Flight of Plantation Workers
SWOT: The Final Word
Chapter 10: Wattle
The Different Kinds of Wattle
Acacia mearnsii (Syn. A. Mollissima): Black Wattle
Acacia decurrens: Green Wattle
Acacia dealbata: Silver Wattle
Acacia pycnantha: Golden Wattle
Growing Conditions
Climatic and Soil Requirements
Climate
Soil
Pre-treatment of Seeds
Nursery Practices
Planting Practices
Preparation of Land
Planting and Aftercare
Thinning
Manuring
Aftercare
Management of Harvest
Natural Regeneration and Rotation
Rotation
Utility of Bark and Wood and Maintaining Soil Fertility
Yield
The Processing of Bark
Pests and Diseases
References
Chapter 11: Technological Advancements in Coconut, Arecanut and Cocoa Research: A Century of Service to the Global Farming Community by the Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod, Kerala State, India
Introduction
Evolution: Foundation in the Colonial and the Mansion in the Independent India
ICAR-CPCRI and Its Role in Plantation Crops Research and Development in India
Sectoral Challenges: An Industry at Crossroads
Winds of Change: Ushering in Technologies
The Challenges Ahead
Success Is Not an Accident, and Excellence Is Not a Coincidence Either
Vistas in Coconut Research
Genetic Resource Management and Breeding
Understanding the Basics: Emphasis on Morphology and Floral Biology
Genetic Enhancement in Coconut
Coconut Germplasm Collection and Conservation
Widening the Genetic Base with Infusion of Exotic Germplasm
‘Looking inwards’: Augmenting and Prospecting the Indigenous Germplasm Resources
The Rich Repository of ‘Tree of Life’: Coconut Field Genebanks
International Coconut Gene Bank for South Asia (ICG-SA): The Crowning Glory
Characterization and Evaluation of Coconut Germplasm
Descriptors in Coconut: A Monumental Work
In situ on Farm Conservation of Coconut Genetic Resources
Registering Unique Genetic Stocks
DUS Guidelines Developed for Coconut
‘They Sow, We Harvest’: Utilization of Coconut Genetic Resources
Heterosis Breeding in Coconut
‘Dwarf is Handsome’: Shifting Focus in Coconut Breeding
Coconut hybrids Released from CPCRI
Breeding for Root (Wilt) Disease
Breeding for Moisture Stress Tolerance
CPCRI Shows the Way: Registration of Eleven Extant Coconut Varieties on the Anvil
Quality Planting Material Production in Coconut
Women Climbers for Coconut Pollination: A ‘Silent Revolution’ in the Making
Exciting Possibilities Ahead
The Advent of Biotechnology Research: Aspirations and Achievements
Igniting Imagination
The Initial Steps and First Funding
Success Stories in Coconut Biotechnology
Coconut Embryo Culture Protocol for the International Exchange of Germplasm
Embryo-rescue of Rare Types: the ‘Caesarean Section’ in the World of Plants
Cryopreservation for Long-Term Conservation of Valuable Germplasm: Complementing the Field Genebanks
Molecular Biology Laboratory: The Nascent Years
Molecular Markers, a Modern Tool for Assessment of Hybrid Purity in Coconut
Finger Printing Coconut Genetic Resources with the Unique, Indelible Molecular Tags
Bioinformatics Centre: Heralding the Genomics Era
Bioinformatics and Agri-bioinformatics Promotion Centres: Driving Discoveries
Coconut Biotechnology: Where Reality Failed to Match Expectations
Tissue Culture in Coconut Remains an Enigma
Mixed Fortunes
New Initiatives, New Hope
Optimization of Inputs for Enhancing Productivity
Initial Days
Nursery Studies
Importance of Cultivation Was Realized Early
Soil Amelioration Can Work Wonders
Evolution of the Nutrient Management Practices in Coconut
Importance of Water Management
‘Fertigation’, the Name Tells It All
Organic Farming: Theory and Practice
Cropping Systems Are Highly Rewarding
High Density Multiple Species Cropping System: Many Crops and One Cropping System That Fits All
Coconut Based Integrated Farming Systems
Mixed Farming System: The ‘Jewel in the Crown’
If No Cure, Then Better Manage It: Management Packages for Root (Wilt) Diseased Gardens, the Second Line of Defence
Remote Sensing, GIS and IT Applications in Coconut R&D
Remote Sensing and GIS Application for the Identification of Root (Wilt) Disease Affected Coconut
Remote Sensing and GIS Application for the Coconut Land Cover Area Estimation Using Spectral Mixture Analysis of Remote Sensing Data
Use of RS and GIS for Soil and Water Conservation
A Management Information System (MIS) for Precision Farming
Harnessing the Mighty Microorganisms
Microbial Control of Insect Pests
Biomass Recycling Technologies
Vermicomposting Technology
Impact of Coconut Leaf Vermicompost Technology
Coir-Pith Composting Technology Using Poultry Manure
Three PGPR/AM-Based Bioinoculant Products
Genomic Initiatives in Exploring the ‘Microbial World’
DNA Bar Coding of Eudrilus sp.
Whole Genome Sequencing of PGPR
NGS-Transcriptome Analysis of Acid Tolerant Bacillus spp.
Reducing Crop Losses Through Disease Management
Disease Scenario Before 1970
Scenario Since 1970
Bud Rot Disease
Phytophthora Species Is Identified as the Pathogen
Understanding the Climatic Factors Favouring Disease Development
Managing the Disease
Impact of IDM (Integradated Disease Management) Practices
Root (Wilt) Disease
Diagnostic Symptoms
Measuring the Disease
‘May Be’ or ‘May Not Be’: Etiology of the Disease from Fungus to Phytoplasma
Fungi, the First ‘Suspect’
Then Virus Ruled Out
Not Bacteria Either
Nematodes Are ‘Innocent’
‘MLOs’ as an Etiological Agent of Root (Wilt) Disease: A Breakthrough
Molecular Characterization of RWD Phytoplasma
Identification of Insect Vectors
Diagnostics for Early Detection
Impact of Investigations
Leaf Rot of Coconut, ‘The Companion Devil’ to Root (Wilt) Disease
Management of Leaf Rot Disease
Basal Stem Rot Disease
Management
Stem Bleeding Disease
Management
What the Future Holds?
Containing Insect Pests
Management of Pests of Coconut: Evolution from Chemical Pesticides, Biocontrol to IPM
Semiochemicals in Coconut IPM: Keeping with the Changing Times
Nanotechnology and IPM (Integrated Pest Managemet)
Management of the Black Headed Caterpillar (Opisina arenosella) in India: A Classical Case of Biological Control
Population Dynamics
Pest management Strategies
Biological Control
Area-Wide Field Delivery, a Great Success
Managing the Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes Rhinoceros Linn.), the Ubiquitous Pest in Coconut
Bionomics
Management Strategies
Biological Suppression Options
Green Muscardine Fungus
Oryctes rhinoceros Nudivirus
Attractants, a Promising Option
Integrated Pest Management
Success Stories in Plenty
Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus), the Most Destructive Pest
Bionomics
Early Detection is a ‘Matter of Life and Death’
Attractants Have Great Promise
Biological Suppression
Potential of Trypsin Inhibitors
Evolution of the Integrated Pest Management
Success Stories
Coconut Eriophyid Mite (Aceria guerreronis) Becomes a Major Pest in the 1980s
History and Bionomics
Crop Loss
Management
Host Plant Resistance
Chemicals and Botanicals
Biological Suppression
Palm Health Management
Success Stories
Coconut White Grub, Leucopholis coneophora Burm. (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera)
Bionomics
Integrated Management Strategy
Chemical Control
Biological Approaches
Mechanical Interventions
Managing the New Menace of Rugose Whitefly
Understanding Life Processes in Coconut
Early Days
1980s and 1990s: Period of Rapid Changes
Screening for Moisture-Deficit Tolerance in Coconut
Identifying the Physiological and Environmental Constraints to Productivity
Optimizing the Growth and Development to the Resources and Constraints
Moisture-Deficit Management
Improving Genotypic Adaptation
New Tools for Complex Tasks
Simulation Modeling: What the Future Portends?
Climate Change: How Will It Adapt to This Reality?
Coconut, the ‘Unsung Hero’ in Carbon Mitigation
Pre-and Post- Harvest Technologies
Machineries Developed for Every Processing Operation
Coconut de Husking
Dryers for Copra making
Agricultural Waste-Fired Copra Dryer
Solar Cabinet Dryer
Electrical Dryer
Shell-Fired Copra Dryer
Coconut de-Shelling Machine
Developing Technologies: A Paradigm Shift Is the Need of the Hour
Value-Addition and Product Diversification Are Key to Survival
Coconut Chips
Virgin Coconut Oil
Neera, Health and Wealth in Every Drop
Kalparasa: The Lifeline of Coconut Industry
Value-Added Products from Neera
Machineries and Gadgets for Value Addition
The Agro-processing Centre: The ‘Must-Visit’ Destination for Entrepreneurs
Technology Transfer, Social and Economic Paradigms
A New Perspective on Validation, Refinement and Diffusion of Technologies
The Real Potential of the Sector Is Not Realized Yet
Extent and Pattern of Technology Adoption
Impediments in Technology Adoption
Conventional Extension Strategies
Imparting Need-Based Training to Farmers
Training a ‘Labour-Army’ for Coconut
Knowledge-Empowerment and Skill Development of Extension Personnel Has Multiple Effects
Demonstrations Are Effective in Convincing and Motivating Clients
Innovative Extension Approaches
Research-Extension-Farmer Interface Facilitated Through Cyber Extension Programmes
e-kalpa: Android Mobile App for Reaching Out to Farmers
Empowering Community Based Organizations (CBOs) in Coconut Communities for Sustainable Income Enhancement
Promoting Women’s Self-Help Groups
Farmers’ Participation in Coconut Research
Participatory Community Extension Approaches for Technology Refinement and Utilization
A Case Study of Area Wide Management of Coconut Pests
Participatory Technology Transfer Approach for Technology Assessment with Participation of Farm Families
A Case Study of Coconut Root (Wilt) Disease Management Practices
Need for Convergence of Extension Machineries in the Coconut Sector for Better Efficiency
Krishi Vigyan Kendras at Kasaragod and Kayamkulam: The Extension Machinery Takes ‘Wings’
Economic, Marketing, and Policy Aspects of Coconut Sector in India
Global and National Scenario
Export-Import Scenario
Market Related Challenges
Coping Strategies
Future Scenario
 Arecanut: A Crop at Crossroads
R&D Efforts in Arecanut: In the Colonial Period and Beyond
Turbulent Times of the 1950s
Indian Central Arecanut Committee, the 8th and the Last Commodity Committee in India
Research Stations on Grant-in-Aid Basis
Change of Strategy: Establishing Research Stations Directly Under the ICAC
Central Arecanut Research Station (CARS) Established at Vittal
Regional Arecanut Research Stations for Location-Specific Research
CARS on the Developmental Path
Research Collaboration at National and International Levels
Pioneering Research and Development in Arecanut
Empowering the Nation for a Quantum Jump in Production
Initial Efforts on Post Harvest Technology and Value Addition in Arecanut
Developmental and Marketing Initiatives
Impact of R & D Programmes in the Arecanut Sector
Reorganization and Devolution of Functions
Strengthening of Research Under CPCRI: Emphasis on Developing Technologies
Enhancing the Genetic Base
Development of Varieties Through Selection
Dwarf Hybrids of Arecanut
Arecanut Tissue Culture: A Success Story
Multiple Benefits of an Arecanut Based Multispecies Cropping System
Arecanut Based Mixed Farming System Is a Profitable and Sustainable Family Enterprise
Techniques for Fertigation and Nutrient Recycling
Arecanut Palm Spraying Machines
Air Blast Sprayer
Arecanut Spraying Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Integrated Disease Management for Arecanut Diseases: Challenges Ahead
Impact of Research on Arecanut Production
A look at the Value Chain Dynamics in Arecanut
Arecanut-Based Agri-business: Potential Largely Unrealized
Value Addition
Cocoa: The ‘Food of Gods’
Cultivated Throughout the Tropics, Both the Old and the New World
The Indian Cocoa Story
Global Consumption Scenario
Indian Scenario
Doestic Production Aspects
Domestic Import-Export Scenario: At a Glance
Demand and Supply Forecast
Research in Cocoa at CPCRI
Genetic Enhancement
Improved Cocoa Varieties and Hybrids Released
Canopy Arectechture Engineering
Tailor-Made Agronomic Practices: Suitable to Arecanut, Coconut and Oil Palm Plantations
Enhancing Productivity by Reducing Crop Losses Due to Disease and Pests
Risk of Accidental Introduction of Exotic Pests and Diseases
Processing: Enhancing Bean and Flavour Quality
Trnasfer of Technology Efforts Gives Ample Fruits
Challenges of Mitigating Market Risks and Sustaining Farmer-Confidence
True Potential of Indian Cocoa Sector to Be Unleashed Yet
A Long-Term Vision of Self-Reliance in Cocoa Sector in India