Treatment of Skin Disease: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies

Treatment of SKIN DISEASE: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Dedication
Evidence Levels
Credits
Tables
Treatment OF Skin Disease Previous Edition Contributors
1 - Acanthosis nigricans
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
2 - Acne keloidalis nuchae
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
3 - Acne vulgaris
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Mild Acne
Moderate Acne
Severe Acne
Maintenance Therapy (Clear/Almost Clear)
Other Acne Treatments
4 - Acrodermatitis enteropathica
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
5 - Actinic keratosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
6 - Actinic prurigo: (Synonyms: hereditary polymorphic light eruption of American Indians, Hutchinson summer prurigo, photodermatitis in North American Indians)
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
7 - Actinomycosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
8 - Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
9 - Allergic contact dermatitis and photoallergy
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
10 - Alopecia areata
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
11 - Amyloidosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
12 - Androgenetic alopecia
Management Strategy
Male Pattern Hair Loss
Female Pattern Hair Loss
13 - Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
14 - Angular cheilitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
15 - Antiphospholipid syndrome
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
16 - Aphthous stomatitis
17 - Atopic dermatitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Interventional Education
Skin Care
Topical Therapies
Other Treatment Considerations
Systemic Therapies
Referral, Quality of Life Issues, and Educational Resources
Hospitalization
18 - Atypical fibroxanthoma
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
19 - Atypical nevi
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
20 - Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
21 - Bacillary angiomatosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
22 - Balanitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
23 - Basal cell carcinoma
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
24 - Becker nevus
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
25 - Bed bugs
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Visual Inspection
Canine Inspection
Bed Bug Traps
Other Monitoring Devices
Dermoscopy
Skin Biopsy
26 - Behçet disease
27 - Bites and stings
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Bite Reactions
Vectorborne Disease
28 - Blastomycosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Guidelines
29 - Blistering distal dactylitis
30 - Body dysmorphic disorder (dermatologic non-disease): Synonyms: Dermatologic non-disease, Body dysmorphic disease, Dysmorphophobia
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Hallmarks and Flags for Diagnosis of Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Diagnostic Aids
31 - Bowen disease and erythroplasia of Queyrat
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
Diagnosis
32 - Bullous pemphigoid
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Therapies
33 - Burning mouth syndrome (glossodynia)
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Local Factors
Systemic Factors
Psychological Factors
34 - Calcinosis cutis
35 - Calciphylaxis
36 - Capillaritis (pigmented purpuric dermatoses, purpura pigmentosa)
37 - Cat scratch disease
Management Strategy
38 - Cellulite
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Diagnosis: Clinical
39 - Cellulitis and erysipelas
40 - Chancroid
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
41 - Chilblains
42 - Chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis chronicus
43 - Chromoblastomycosis
44 - Chronic actinic dermatitis
45 - Coccidioidomycosis
46 - Condyloma acuminata
47 - COVID-19 dermatoses
48 - Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS)
49 - Cryptococcosis
50 - Cutaneous candidiasis and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
CUTANEOUS CANDIDIASIS
Management Strategy
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Management Strategy
51 - Cutaneous larva migrans
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Specific Investigations
52 - Cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa
53 - Darier disease
54 - Decubitus (pressure) ulcers
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Prevention
Management
Removal of Necrotic Debris
Maintenance of a Moist Wound Environment
Correction of the Underlying Contributing Factors
General Measures
Dermatologic Observation
Blanchable Erythema and Non-blanchable Erythema
Superficial and Deep Ulcers
Eschar and Necrosis
Decubitus Dermatitis
Categories of Patients
Grading or Evaluation
Staging
Pathophysiology
Risk Assessment Tools
Predictive validity of pressure ulcer risk assessment tools for elderly: a meta-analysis.Park SH, Lee YS, Kwon YM. West J Nurs R...
Factors Predicting Pressure Ulcers
Treatment
Eliminating Pressure and Relieving Devices
Palliative Care
Pressure ulcers in patients receiving palliative care: a systematic review.Ferris A, Price A, Harding K. Palliat Med 2019; 33: 7...
Effectiveness of pressure ulcer prevention strategies for adult patients in intensive care units: a systematic review.Tayyib N, ...
Moisturizing
Debridement
Cleansing
Cleansing the traumatic wound by high pressure syringe irrigation.Stevenson TR, Thacker JG, Rodeheaver GT, et al. J Am Coll Emer...
Antimicrobial Agents
Topical metronidazole for odor control in pressure ulcers.Lyvers E, Elliott DP. Consult Pharm 2015; 30: 523–6
Nutrition
Efficacy of a disease-specific nutritional support for pressure ulcer healing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cereda E, N...
Synthetic Dressing
55 - Delusions of parasitosis
56 - Dermatitis artefacta
57 - Dermatitis herpetiformis
58 - Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
Management Strategy
59 - Dermatomyositis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Treatment
60 - Diaper dermatitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Prevention
61 - Discoid (nummular) eczema
62 - Discoid lupus erythematosus
63 - Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp
64 - Dress syndrome: drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms/drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DiHS)
65 - Drug eruptions
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Drug Exposure (Timing)
Determine Probabilities
66 - Eosinophilic fasciitis
67 - Epidermal nevi
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Verrucous Epidermal Nevi
Inflammatory/Dysplastic Epidermal Nevi
68 - Epidermodysplasia verruciformis
69 - Epidermolysis bullosa
70 - Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
71 - Erosive pustular dermatosis
72 - Erythema annulare centrifugum
BACKGROUND
DIAGNOSIS/MANAGEMENT Strategy
73 - Erythema dyschromicum perstans
74 - Erythema elevatum diutinum
75 - Erythema multiforme
76 - Erythema nodosum
77 - Erythrasma
78 - Erythroderma
79 - Erythrokeratodermas
80 - Erythromelalgia
81 - Erythropoietic protoporphyria
82 - Extramammary Paget disease
83 - Fabry disease
84 - Flushing
85 - Follicular mucinosis
86 - Folliculitis
87 - Folliculitis decalvans
88 - Fox–Fordyce disease
89 - Furunculosis
90 - Geographic tongue
91 - Gianotti–Crosti syndrome
92 - Gonorrhea
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Special Considerations
Pharyngeal Infection
Disseminated Gonococcal Infection
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
Men Who Have Sex with Men
Treatment Failure
93 - Graft-versus-host disease
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Acute Gvhd
Chronic Gvhd
94 - Granuloma annulare
Generalized granuloma annulare: clinical and laboratory findings in 100 patients.Dabski K, Winkelmann RK. J Am Acad Dermatol 198...
Localized Granuloma Annulare
Generalized (Disseminated) Granuloma Annulare
95 - Granuloma faciale
96 - Granuloma inguinale
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Special Considerations
97 - Granulomatous cheilitis
98 - Hailey–Hailey disease
99 - Hand and foot eczema (endogenous, dyshidrotic eczema, pompholyx)
100 - Hemangiomas
101 - Hereditary angioedema
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Acute Angioedema
Long-Term Prophylaxis
Short-Term Prophylaxis (STP) for Prevention of Relapse Due to Dental and Surgical Interventions
Acute Angioedema
Long-Term Prophylaxis
Short-Term Prophylaxis
Treatment in Children
Hereditary Angioedema with Normal C1-INH
102 - Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
103 - Herpes genitalis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Clinical evaluation and cost analysis of a Trioplex real-time PCR assay for the detection and differentiation of herpes simplex ...
Performance of ELISA and Western blot to detect antibodies against HSV-2 using dried blood spots.García-Cisneros S, Sánchez-Alem...
Primary Genital Infection
Acute Reactivation Episodes
Prophylactic Treatment
Novel and Other Therapies
Effect of pritelivir compared with valacyclovir on genital HSV-2 shedding in patients with frequent recurrence: a randomized cli...
Prevention
104 - Herpes labialis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Other Therapies
105 - Herpes zoster
106 - Hidradenitis suppurativa
107 - Histoplasmosis
108 - Hydroa vacciniforme
109 - Hyperhidrosis
110 - Hypertrichosis and hirsutism
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
Physical Hair Removal Methods
Pharmacologic Therapies for Hirsutism
111 - Hypopigmented disorders
Nevus Depigmentosus
Postinflammatory Hypopigmentation
Pityriasis Alba
Idiopathic Guttate Hypomelanosis
Chemical Leukoderma
Pityriasis Versicolor
Progressive Macular Hypomelanosis
Leprosy (Hansen Disease)
Hypopigmented Variants of Common Dermatoses
Management Strategy
112 - Ichthyoses
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Newborns (0–2 Months)
Infants (2 Months–1 Year)
Children and Adults
Psychosocial Management
Resources
Other
113 - Impetigo
114 - Inducible urticarias, aquagenic pruritus, and cholinergic pruritus
Management Strategy
Pharmacologic
Non-pharmacologic
The EAACI/GA2LEN/EDF/WAO guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis and management of urticaria.Zuberbier T, Aberer...
115 - Irritant contact dermatitis
116 - Jellyfish stings
CLINICAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES
Cubozoa (Box Jellyfish)
Hydrozoa
Scyphozoa (True Jellyfish)
Anthozoa (Corals and Sea Anemones)
Seabather’s Eruption (Sea Lice)
Cutaneous Manifestations of Jellyfish Stings
Management Strategy
117 - Jessner lymphocytic infiltrate
118 - Juvenile plantar dermatosis
119 - Juvenile xanthogranuloma
120 - Kaposi sarcoma
121 - Kawasaki disease
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Kawasaki Disease: an Overview
Kawasaki Disease: an Update on Treatment
IVIG
The effects of early intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for Kawasaki disease: the 22nd nationwide survey in Japan.Kuwabara M, Ya...
Acetylsalicylic acid
Corticosteroids
TNF-α Blockers
Ciclosporin
Anakinra
Plasma Exchange
122 - Keloids
123 - Keratoacanthoma
124 - Keratosis lichenoides chronica
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
125 - Keratosis pilaris and variants
126 - Langerhans cell histiocytosis
127 - Leg ulcers
128 - Leiomyoma
129 - Leishmaniasis
Management Strategy
130 - Lentigo maligna
131 - Leprosy (including reactions)
132 - Leukocytoclastic vasculitis (cutaneous small vessel vasculitis)
Management Strategy
133 - Lichen myxedematosus
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Scleromyxedema or LM with Systemic Manifestations
Localized LM, without Systemic Manifestations
134 - Lichen nitidus
135 - Lichen planopilaris
136 - Lichen planus
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Drug-induced Lichen Planus
Antimicrobials
Systemic Immunosuppressive Agents
Other
137 - Lichen sclerosus
138 - Lichen simplex chronicus
139 - Linear IgA bullous dermatosis
140 - Lipodermatosclerosis
141 - Livedo reticularis
142 - Livedoid vasculopathy
143 - Lyme borreliosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Early Localized Lyme Disease
Early Disseminated Lyme Disease
Late Lyme Disease
Diagnosis
Posttreatment Symptoms
Reinfection and Vaccination
Specific Investigations
Evaluation of modified 2-tiered serodiagnostic testing algorithms for early Lyme disease.Branda JA, Strle K, Nigrovic LE, et al....
Prevention
Prophylaxis
Treatment
144 - Lymphangioma circumscriptum
145 - Lymphedema
146 - Lymphocytoma cutis
147 - Lymphogranuloma venereum
148 - Lymphomatoid papulosis
149 - Malignant atrophic papulosis
150 - Malignant melanoma
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
MIS to Clinical Stage IIC
Clinical Stages III–IV Melanoma
151 - Mastocytoses
152 - Melasma
153 - Merkel cell carcinoma
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
154 - Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Specific Investigations
Role of nasal swab culture in guiding antimicrobial therapy for acute cellulitis in the era of community-acquired methicillin-re...
Epidemiology
Prognosis
Pathogenesis
155 - Miliaria
156 - Molluscum contagiosum
157 - Morphea
158 - Mucoceles
159 - Mucous membrane pemphigoid
160 - Mycetoma: eumycetoma and actinomycetoma
161 - Mycobacterial (atypical) skin infections
Mycobacterium Marinum
Management Strategy
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
Management Strategy
Mycobacterium Ulcerans
Management Strategy
162 - Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome
163 - Myiasis
164 - Myxoid cyst
165 - Nail psoriasis
166 - Necrobiosis lipoidica
167 - Necrolytic acral erythema
168 - Necrolytic migratory erythema
169 - Neurofibromatosis, type 1
170 - Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome)
171 - Nevus sebaceus
172 - Notalgia paresthetica
173 - Onchocerciasis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Treatment of Individuals Outside of Endemic Areas
Treatment of Individuals Within Endemic Areas
Mass Treatment Programs
Future Macrofilaricides
174 - Oral lichen planus
175 - Orf
176 - Palmoplantar keratoderma
177 - Palmoplantar pustulosis
178 - Panniculitis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Lupus Panniculitis
Nodular Vasculitis
Pancreatic Panniculitis
Cytophagic Histiocytic Panniculitis
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Panniculitis
179 - Papular urticaria
180 - Paracoccidioidomycosis
181 - Parapsoriasis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Small Plaque Parapsoriasis
Large Plaque Parapsoriasis
182 - Paronychia
183 - Parvovirus infection
184 - Pediculosis
Pediculosis Corporis
Management Strategy
Pediculosis Pubis
Management Strategy
Phthiriasis Palpebrarum
Management Strategy
185 - Pemphigus
186 - Perforating dermatoses
187 - Perioral dermatitis
188 - Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
189 - Pinta and yaws
190 - Pitted and ringed keratolysis (keratolysis plantare sulcatum)
191 - Pityriasis lichenoides chronica
Management Strategy
192 - Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
193 - Pityriasis rosea
194 - Pityriasis rubra pilaris
195 - Polycystic ovary syndrome
196 - Polymorphic light eruption
197 - Porokeratoses
198 - Porphyria cutanea tarda
199 - Port wine stain (‘nevus flammeus’)
200 - Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation and other disorders of hyperpigmentation
INTRODUCTION
Postinflammatory Hyperpigmentation
Other Disorders of Hyperpigmentation
Management Strategy
Near-visible light and UV photoprotection in the treatment of melasma: a double-blind randomized trial.Castanedo-Cazares JP, Her...
Adjuvant Therapies
201 - Pregnancy dermatoses
Management Strategy
Pemphigoid Gestationis
Management Strategy
Intrahepatic Cholestasis Of Pregnancy
Atopic Eruption Of Pregnancy
Management Strategy
202 - Pretibial myxedema
203 - Prurigo nodularis
204 - Prurigo pigmentosa
205 - Pruritus
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
Itch in Dermatologic Diseases
Systemic Causes of Chronic Itch
Neuropathic Itch
Renal/Uremic Itch
Cholestatic Itch
Malignancy-Associated Itch
Psychogenic Itch
Treatment of Itch in Special Populations
206 - Pruritus ani
207 - Pruritus vulvae
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Situational Treatment Considerations
Select Publications on Etiology and Management
208 - Pseudofolliculitis barbae
INTRODUCTION
Management Strategy
209 - Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
210 - Psoriasis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Guttate Psoriasis
Inverse Psoriasis
Erythrodermic Psoriasis
Generalized Pustular Psoriasis
211 - Psychogenic excoriation
212 - Pyoderma gangrenosum
213 - Pyogenic granuloma
214 - Radiation dermatitis
215 - Raynaud disease and phenomenon
216 - Reactive arthritis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Proposed Diagnostic Criteria by the ACR (1999)
Reiter Syndrome
Antibiotics
217 - Relapsing polychondritis
Management Strategy
218 - Rhinophyma
Rhinophyma and coexisting occult skin cancers.Lutz ME, Otley CC. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 201–2
219 - Rocky Mountain spotted fever and other rickettsial infections
Management Strategy
Typhus Group
Epidemic Typhus
Endemic Typhus
Scrub Typhus
Management Strategy
Rickettsialpox
Management Strategy
Q Fever
Management Strategy
Acute Q Fever
Chronic Q Fever
Ehrlichiosis
Management Strategy
220 - Rosacea
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Papulopustular Rosacea
Persistent Facial Erythema (Erythematotelangiectatic Rosacea)
Flushing of Rosacea
Rosacea Lymphedema (Morbihan Disease)
Ocular Rosacea
Rosacea Fulminans/Pyoderma Faciale
221 - Sarcoidosis
222 - Scabies
Management Strategy
Public Health Considerations
1. Reporting and surveillance
2. Institutional outbreaks
3. Mass drug administration (MDA)
4. Scabies has been classified as a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease since 2017
Visualization of Mites and Burrows
Visualization by Non-invasive Diagnostic Techniques
General Management Considerations
223 - Scleredema
224 - Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)
225 - Sebaceous gland hyperplasia
226 - Seborrheic eczema
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Non-Scalp Disease
Scalp Disease
227 - Seborrheic keratosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Second-Line Therapies
Third-Line Therapies
228 - Sporotrichosis
229 - Squamous cell carcinoma
230 - Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
231 - Steatocystoma multiplex
232 - Stoma care
233 - Striae
234 - Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
235 - Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
236 - Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Surgical Management
237 - Sweet syndrome
238 - Syphilis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Incubation Period
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Neurological Syphilis
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Diagnostics And Treatment
239 - Syringomata
240 - Tinea capitis
241 - Tinea corporis and tinea cruris
Management Strategy
242 - Tinea pedis
243 - Tinea unguium
244 - Tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor)
245 - Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome
246 - Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover disease)
247 - Trichotillomania
248 - Tuberculosis (cutaneous) and tuberculids
CLINICAL FEATURES
Exogenous TB
Endogenous TB
Tuberculid
Management Strategy
Diagnosis
Lichen scrofulosorum; a prospective study of thirty-nine patients.Singal A, Bhattacharya SN. Int J Dermatol 2005; 44; 489–93
Treatment
249 - Urticaria and angioedema
Introduction
Management Strategy
Acute Urticaria
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
Chronic Inducible Urticaria
Non-Mast Cell–Mediated Angioedema
Introduction
Management Strategy For Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema
250 - Varicella
251 - Viral exanthems: rubella, roseola, rubeola and enteroviruses
Management Strategy
Roseola
Management Strategy
Rubeola
Management Strategy
Enteroviruses
Management Strategy
252 - Vitiligo
Segmental Vitiligo and Limited Vitiligo
Widespread Disease (>3% BSA)
Maintenance Therapy
Emerging Treatments
Emerging Treatments
253 - Vulvodynia
Specific Investigations
General Reading
254 - Warts
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
Immunologic Therapy
Destructive Therapies
Virucidal Treatments
Antiproliferative Agents
Complementary and Alternative Therapies
255 - Wells syndrome
256 - Xanthomas
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
257 - Xeroderma pigmentosum
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
258 - Xerosis
MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
259 - Yellow nail syndrome
Management Strategy