This reference discusses state-of-the-art methods for the management of children with conditions affecting the nervous system-providing over 80 chapters that outline direct, logical approaches to numerous pediatric neurologic disorders using clear tables, algorithms, and figures for quick reference to key material.
Author(s): Harvey S. Singer, Eric H. Kossoff, Adam L. Hartman, Thomas O. Crawford
Series: Neurological disease and therapy 68
Edition: 1
Publisher: Informa Healthcare
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 607
Contents......Page 12
Preface......Page 26
Contributors......Page 30
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 37
TREATMENT......Page 39
SURGICAL INTERVENTION......Page 40
REFERENCES......Page 41
MYELOMENINGOCELE......Page 42
Hydrocephalus......Page 43
Bladder/Bowel Impairment......Page 44
Step 1. Confirming the Diagnosis......Page 45
Step 3. Outcome......Page 46
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 47
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 50
TREATMENT OF SPASTICITY......Page 51
Spastic Diplegia......Page 53
TREATMENT OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS......Page 55
COMPLEMENTARY ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM)......Page 56
WEB SITES OF INTEREST......Page 57
REFERENCES......Page 58
Lateral Ventricle......Page 60
Third Ventricle......Page 61
Fourth Ventricle......Page 62
CLINICAL FEATURES Premature Infants......Page 63
DIAGNOSIS......Page 64
Surgical—CSF Shunts......Page 65
SUMMARY......Page 70
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 71
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 72
TREATMENT Non-surgical......Page 74
Surgical......Page 75
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 76
INTRODUCTION......Page 78
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 79
TREATMENT......Page 80
Syrinx Without Chiari Malformation......Page 81
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 82
ETIOLOGY......Page 84
THERAPY Initial Evaluation and Management......Page 86
Pharmacologic Management of SE......Page 87
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 89
IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY IN DIAGNOSIS OF AN EPISODE......Page 90
Evaluation of First Seizures......Page 92
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 95
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 96
THERAPY......Page 97
PROGNOSIS......Page 101
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 102
DIAGNOSIS......Page 104
EVALUATION......Page 105
TREATMENT......Page 106
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 107
INTRODUCTION......Page 108
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 109
THERAPY......Page 110
PROGNOSIS......Page 112
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 113
Characteristic Seizures......Page 114
EVALUATION—ETIOLOGY......Page 115
TREATMENT......Page 116
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 118
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 120
DIAGNOSIS......Page 121
TREATMENT......Page 122
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SUBACUTE LANGUAGE REGRESSION, WITH OR WITHOUT SEIZURES......Page 123
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 124
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 126
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 127
TREATMENT......Page 129
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 131
UNVERRICHT–LUNDORG DISEASE......Page 132
LAFORA BODY DISEASE......Page 133
UNCOMMON CAUSES OF PME......Page 134
DIAGNOSIS......Page 135
SUMMARY......Page 136
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 137
DIAGNOSTIC OPTIONS......Page 138
TREATMENT......Page 141
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 144
TREATMENT......Page 146
ACTH......Page 147
Ketogenic Diet......Page 148
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 149
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 152
SUMMARY......Page 153
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 154
ETIOLOGY......Page 156
CLINICAL ASPECTS......Page 157
THE FUTURE......Page 158
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 159
Diagnosis......Page 160
TREATMENT......Page 161
Treatment of Tics......Page 162
Treatment of Comorbid Problems......Page 166
PATIENT RESOURCE......Page 167
THERAPY......Page 168
Pharmacologic Approaches Based on the Correction of Neurotransmitter Abnormalities......Page 170
Surgical Therapy......Page 171
SUMMARY......Page 172
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 173
SPECIFIC DISORDERS AND TREATMENT......Page 174
Dopa-Responsive Dystonia......Page 175
Primary Dystonia......Page 176
Secondary Dystonia......Page 177
PROGNOSIS......Page 178
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 179
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 180
EVALUATION......Page 181
Essential Tremor......Page 182
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 183
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 186
Pharmacologic Therapy......Page 187
Nonpharmacologic Therapy......Page 190
PROGNOSIS......Page 192
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 193
DISORDERS OF PROTEIN GLYCOSYLATION, "DYSTROGLYCANOPATHIES"......Page 196
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY, STEINERT'S DISEASE, DM1......Page 198
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 200
Diagnosis/Clinical Features......Page 202
Therapy......Page 204
Diagnosis/Clinical Features......Page 206
SUMMARY......Page 209
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 210
DIAGNOSIS......Page 212
Acute Polyneuropathies (Guillain–Barre Syndrome and Others)......Page 213
Hereditary Sensory and Motor Neuropathies......Page 216
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies......Page 217
Neuropathies Secondary to Chronic Systemic Disease......Page 218
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 219
THERAPEUTIC CONCERNS......Page 220
PREVENTION......Page 221
Respiratory Care......Page 222
Feeding Difficulties......Page 224
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 225
Clinical Appearance and Diagnosis......Page 226
Special Concerns Regarding Care for Infants with SMA 1......Page 228
Care for Children Not in Palliative Care......Page 232
Specific Therapies for SMN-Related SMA......Page 233
OTHER SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY SYNDROMES......Page 234
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 235
INTRODUCTION......Page 236
SPECIFIC DISORDERS Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis......Page 237
Genetic (Congenital) Myasthenia Syndromes (CMS)......Page 241
Infant Botulism......Page 242
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 243
DUCHENNE DYSTROPHY......Page 244
Treatment......Page 247
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHIES......Page 249
LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHIES......Page 250
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 251
NORMAL SWALLOWING......Page 252
CONDITIONS AND CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NEUROGENIC DYSPHAGIA......Page 253
EVALUATION History......Page 254
TREATMENT......Page 255
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 257
Migraine Prevention......Page 260
Anticonvulsants......Page 262
SUMMARY......Page 263
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 264
INTRODUCTION......Page 266
Pharmacological Treatment......Page 267
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 270
Symptoms......Page 272
EVALUATION......Page 273
Surgical Treatment of PPTC......Page 276
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 277
MEASUREMENT OF PAIN IN CHILDREN......Page 278
General Principles......Page 279
Classes of Medications......Page 280
NEUROPATHIC PAIN......Page 283
Classes of Medications......Page 284
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 288
ENCEPHALOPATHY......Page 290
MYELOPATHY......Page 292
SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION......Page 295
ATAXIA......Page 296
NEUROPATHY......Page 297
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 298
OVERALL MANAGEMENT......Page 300
SPECIFIC THERAPIES Gliomas......Page 301
Germ Cell Tumors......Page 303
PATIENT RESOURCES......Page 304
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 306
Medulloblastoma......Page 307
Brainstem Gliomas......Page 310
Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors......Page 312
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 313
EPIDEMIOLOGY Viruses......Page 314
Viruses......Page 315
DIAGNOSIS......Page 316
Neuroimaging Features......Page 317
THERAPY AND PROGNOSIS......Page 318
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 321
ETIOLOGY......Page 322
DIAGNOSIS......Page 323
TREATMENT......Page 324
SUMMARY......Page 325
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 326
DIAGNOSIS......Page 328
Supportive Care......Page 329
Herpes Viruses......Page 330
PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES AND PREVENTION......Page 331
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 335
INTRODUCTION......Page 338
TREATMENT......Page 339
Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis......Page 340
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 341
HIV Encephalopathy......Page 344
Tuberculous......Page 345
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis......Page 346
CNS Vasculitis/Vasculopathy......Page 347
Gait Disturbance and Extremity Complaints......Page 348
CMV......Page 349
Problems Due to Antiretrovirals......Page 350
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 351
EPIDEMIOLOGY......Page 354
EARLY DISEASE Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)......Page 355
Meningoencephalitis......Page 356
Serologic Diagnosis......Page 357
TREATMENT......Page 359
Facial Nerve Palsy......Page 360
Vaccinations......Page 361
REFERENCES......Page 362
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 363
CLINCIAL PRESENTATION AND EVALUATION......Page 364
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 366
TREATMENT......Page 367
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 368
Assessment and Stabilization......Page 370
Physical Examination......Page 371
Laboratory......Page 372
Therapy......Page 373
BRAIN DEATH......Page 375
SUMMARY......Page 376
Etiologies of Coma......Page 377
Guidelines for the Determination of Brain Death in Children......Page 378
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 379
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 380
EVALUATION......Page 381
TREATMENT......Page 382
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 383
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 384
GENETIC AND METABOLIC DISORDERS CAUSING ENCEPHALOPATHY......Page 385
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 386
PROGNOSIS......Page 387
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 388
CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS......Page 390
DEVELOPING ADDITIONAL RATIONAL THERAPIES......Page 392
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 394
MENKES DISEASE Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 396
Prognosis......Page 397
WILSON DISEASE Clinical Features and Diagnosis......Page 398
Treatment......Page 399
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 401
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 402
TREATMENT......Page 404
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 405
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 406
Uric Acid Overproduction......Page 407
Motor Disorder......Page 408
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 409
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 412
TREATMENT......Page 414
Adrenal Hormone Replacement......Page 415
Bone Marrow Transplantation......Page 416
SUPPORTIVE CARE......Page 417
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 418
DIAGNOSIS......Page 420
Diet......Page 421
Medication and Supplementation......Page 422
Therapy for Specific Disorders......Page 424
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 425
PATIENT RESOURCES......Page 426
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 428
THERAPY......Page 430
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERVENTION......Page 432
PROGNOSIS......Page 434
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 435
EVALUATION AND TREATMENT: PARALLEL PROCESSES IN STROKE......Page 436
Acute Management—Initial Diagnostic Studies......Page 437
Acute Management—Specific Stroke Therapy......Page 438
PROGNOSIS......Page 440
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 441
RESOURCES......Page 442
Clinical Presentation......Page 444
Background......Page 445
Background......Page 446
Clinical Presentation......Page 447
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 448
The Child with Acute Ataxia......Page 450
DIAGNOSTIC GENETIC TESTING FOR PROGRESSIVE AND FAMILIAL ATAXIAS......Page 452
Metabolic Ataxias......Page 454
Episodic Ataxias Due to Channelopathies......Page 455
SUMMARY......Page 456
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 457
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 458
Labile Blood Pressure......Page 459
Recurrent Aspiration......Page 460
Hypersalivation......Page 461
PROGNOSIS......Page 462
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 463
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 464
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 465
First-Line Medication Therapy......Page 466
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 467
Clinical Features......Page 468
Laboratory Findings......Page 469
THERAPY......Page 470
SUMMARY......Page 471
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 472
ETIOLOGY......Page 474
CLINICAL PRESENTATION......Page 475
Management of Acute Exacerbations......Page 477
Chronic Therapy......Page 478
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 479
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 480
DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION......Page 481
THERAPY (FIG. 1)......Page 482
PROGNOSIS......Page 484
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 486
DIAGNOSIS/CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 488
TREATMENT......Page 490
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 491
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 492
Seizures......Page 493
Bone Density......Page 494
PROGNOSIS......Page 495
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 496
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 498
TREATMENT......Page 500
PROGNOSIS......Page 502
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 503
DIAGNOSIS......Page 504
General......Page 505
Dyslexia......Page 506
SUMMARY......Page 507
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 508
INTRODUCTION......Page 510
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION Basic Principles......Page 511
RELAXATION TRAINING AND BIOFEEDBACK......Page 512
ADDITIONAL READINGS......Page 513
FAMILY RESOURCES......Page 514
INTRODUCTION......Page 516
OVERVIEW OF PEDIATRIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT......Page 517
STEPS IN THE ASSESSMENT PROCESS......Page 518
WEBSITES......Page 522
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 523
INTRODUCTION......Page 524
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION (FIG. 1)......Page 525
LABORATORY TESTING......Page 526
TREATMENT (FIG. 1)......Page 527
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 528
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 530
PATHOBIOLOGY......Page 531
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 532
THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS......Page 533
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 535
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 536
Social Phobia......Page 537
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 538
Psychotherapy......Page 539
Combination of Medication and Therapy......Page 540
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 541
ETIOLOGY Genetic and Psychosocial Factors......Page 542
Dysthymia......Page 543
Depression and Neurological Diseases......Page 544
Psychopharmacology......Page 545
Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 546
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 547
INTRODUCTION......Page 548
CO-MORBIDITIES AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 549
TREATMENT......Page 550
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC APPROACHES......Page 551
CONCLUSION......Page 552
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 553
INTRODUCTION......Page 554
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 555
Overdose and Withdrawal......Page 556
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 558
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)......Page 560
MANAGEMENT......Page 561
DIAGNOSIS AND CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 562
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 563
CONCLUSION......Page 565
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 566
DIAGNOSIS......Page 568
Disorders of Sleep Timing, Arousals, and State......Page 569
Disorders of Movement......Page 571
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 572
PRESENTATIONS......Page 574
THERAPY......Page 576
Stroke-like Episodes......Page 577
Treatment of Ophthalmologic and Dermatologic Complications......Page 578
PATIENT RESOURCES......Page 579
INTRODUCTION......Page 580
Cutaneous Manifestations......Page 581
Skeletal Manifestations......Page 583
Malignancy......Page 584
General Considerations......Page 585
Neurofibromatosis 2: Clinical Manifestations and Treatment......Page 586
PATIENT RESOURCES......Page 587
DIAGNOSIS AND EVALUATION......Page 588
Skin Lesions......Page 589
Neuroimaging......Page 590
Genetic Testing......Page 591
Renal Lesions......Page 592
SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 593
PATIENT RESOURCE......Page 594
CLINICAL FEATURES......Page 596
GENETICS OF HI......Page 597
PROGNOSIS......Page 598
PATIENT RESOURCES......Page 599
Index......Page 600
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