This book presents a comprehensive and in-depth exploration of the intricate design process and advanced modeling techniques employed in the creation of cutting-edge antenna geometries specifically tailored to meet the demands of Sub-6 GHz 5G wireless applications and communication systems. The authors provide valuable insights into the selection of flexible substrates, which serve as the foundation for the production of versatile antennas capable of seamlessly integrating into the rapidly evolving 5G and MIMO landscapes.
Delving into the depths of antenna design, this book highlights the key aspects surrounding flexible MIMO antennas, showcasing their remarkable compatibility within compact spaces. The authors elucidate the intricacies involved in creating these antennas, illuminating their ability to adapt to challenging environmental conditions while maintaining exceptional performance.
Furthermore, the authors delve into the fascinating realm of optimized flexible antenna arrays for MIMO systems, employing both transparent and non-transparent materials. The development of such arrays entails a meticulous optimization process, where a delicate balance between performance, form factor, and functionality is achieved. By shedding light on this complex process, the book equips readers with the knowledge and tools necessary to engineer high-performing, flexible antenna arrays for advanced wireless communication systems.
The book embraces a broad scope by encompassing various substrate materials and fabrication techniques. This inclusive approach ensures its relevance and applicability to a wide range of readers, including novice researchers, postgraduate students, research scholars, as well as seasoned professionals and experts in the field of antennas hailing from diverse industries and academic institutions.
Moreover, undergraduate students pursuing degrees in Communication Engineering, Electronics Engineering, and Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems will find this book to be an indispensable resource, offering highly pertinent and enlightening content that bridges the gap between theoretical concepts and real-world antenna design challenges.
Author(s): Jayshri Kulkarni; Arpan Desai; Heng Tung Hsu; Brian Garner; Yang Li; Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim; Vigneswaran Dhasarathan
Series: EAI/Springer Innovations in Communication and Computing
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer Nature Switzerland
Year: 2024
Language: English
Pages: xii; 206
City: Cham
Tags: Communications Engineering, Networks; Microwaves, RF and Optical Engineering; Control and Systems Theory; Input/Output and Data Communications
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Flexible and Transparent Antennas
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Categories of Flexible Antennas
1.3 Advantages and Drawbacks of Flexible Antenna
1.3.1 Challenges of Flexible Antenna
1.3.2 Difference Between Conformable and Non-conformable Antenna
1.4 Substrate Properties
1.4.1 Dielectric Constant
1.4.2 Loss Tangent
1.4.3 Thickness
1.4.4 Dielectric Strength
1.5 Choice of Substrate for Flexible Antennas
1.5.1 Substrate Losses and Issues
1.5.2 Temperature Expansion
1.5.3 Conductive Material Properties
1.6 Flexible Substrates
1.6.1 Kapton Polyimide
1.6.2 Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Substrates
1.6.3 Textile Substrates
1.6.4 Plastic Materials
1.6.5 Paper Materials
1.6.6 Other Substrate Materials
1.7 Fabrication Methods
1.7.1 Screen Printing
1.7.2 Inkjet Printing
1.7.3 Sewing and Embordering
1.7.4 Chemical Etching
1.8 Applications of Flexible Antenna
1.9 Case Studies: Flexible Antenna Design, Geometry, and Simulation Analysis
1.9.1 Dual-Band Flexible Concentric Rings Single Input Single Output Antenna
1.9.1.1 Overview of Existing Research Work
1.9.1.2 Design and Geometry
1.9.1.3 Evolution of Antenna Design
1.9.1.4 Simulated Analysis
1.9.1.4.1 Reflection Coefficient Characteristics (S11)
1.9.1.4.2 Radiation Patterns
1.9.1.4.3 Gain and Efficiency Simulations
1.9.1.5 Bending Analysis
1.9.1.6 Concluding Remarks
1.9.2 Decagon Antenna for GSM, LTE, 5G, and WLAN Applications
1.9.2.1 Overview of Existing State of Arts
1.9.2.2 Antenna Geometry
1.9.2.3 Simulated Analysis
1.9.2.3.1 Distribution of Current (A/m)
1.9.2.3.2 Reflection Coefficient Curve (S11)
1.9.2.3.3 Radiation Performance
1.9.2.3.4 Signal Strength and Efficiency
1.9.2.4 Bending Analysis
1.9.2.5 Concluding Remarks
1.9.3 Two-Dimensional (2-D) MIMO Antenna
1.9.3.1 State of Arts in MIMO Designs
1.9.3.2 MIMO Antenna Design
1.9.3.3 Performance Evaluation of MIMO Antennas
1.9.3.4 MIMO Antenna Diversity Performance Analysis
1.9.3.5 Performance Evaluation of MIMO Antenna Bending
1.9.3.6 Concluding Remarks
1.10 Transparent Antennas
1.10.1 Oxide based Transparent Antennas
1.10.1.1 Transparent Materials Having Conductive Properties
1.10.1.2 Transparent Conductive Oxides Material Properties (Tcos)
1.10.1.3 Applications of TCO Materials
1.10.1.4 Other Properties of Transparent Oxides
1.10.1.4.1 Transparency
1.10.1.4.2 Electrical Conductivity
1.10.1.4.3 Finding Conductivity of Thin Sheet from Sheet Resistance
1.10.1.4.4 Hardness of TCOs
1.11 Case Study of CPW-Fed Transparent Flexible Antenna
1.11.1 Antenna Geometry
1.11.2 Experimental Results and Discussion
1.11.3 Bending Analysis
1.11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Flexible, Transparent, and Wideband 4-Port MIMO Antenna
2.1 Introduction
2.2 5G MIMO Technology
2.2.1 Conventional MIMO Configurations
2.2.2 Applications of MIMO
2.2.2.1 MIMO in LTE Superior
2.2.2.2 MIMO in Wireless LAN
2.2.2.3 5G and IoT
2.3 Printed Transparent 5G MIMO Antenna Design
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 A Review of Transparent MIMO-Printed Antennas for 5G Applications
2.3.2.1 Graphene
2.3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
2.3.2.3 Silver Tin Oxide (AgHT)
2.3.2.4 Copper Nanowire
2.4 Transparent 4-Element 5G MIMO Antenna Case Study
2.4.1 Antenna Design
2.4.2 Numerical Computation and Parametric Studies
2.4.3 Results and Discussion
2.4.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: UWB Flexible Antenna
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Mutual Coupling
3.2.1 Methods for Mutual Coupling Reduction
3.3 Fundamental MIMO Antenna System Parameters
3.3.1 Isolation
3.3.2 TARC
3.3.3 Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC)
3.3.4 Diversity Gain
3.4 Flexible 4-Element UWB MIMO Antenna Case Study
3.4.1 Antenna Geometry
3.4.2 Results and Discussions
3.4.3 MIMO Diversity Analysis
3.4.4 Bending Analysis
3.4.5 Time Domain Analysis
3.4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Advancements in Flexible MIMO Antennas for 5G Smartphones
4.1 Introduction to Flexible MIMO Antenna Advancement
4.2 Existing Research Overview
4.3 Geometry and Design of Mobile Antenna
4.4 The Findings and Discussion
4.4.1 Coefficient of Reflection (dB)
4.4.2 Coefficient of Transmission (dB)
4.4.3 Distribution of Surface Current (A/m)
4.4.4 (2D) Radiation Pattern
4.4.5 3D Radiation Pattern
4.4.6 Gain and Efficiency of Suggested MIMO Antenna
4.5 MIMO Diversity Analysis
4.5.1 ECC and DG
4.5.2 TARC
4.5.3 MEG
4.5.4 Channel Capacity
4.6 Analysis of Flexibility
4.6.1 Coefficient of Reflection with Antenna Bending
4.6.2 Coefficient of Transmission with Antenna Bending
4.6.3 Gain and Efficiency with Antenna Bending
4.6.4 ECC and DG
4.7 Impact of Smartphone Antenna on User (SAR Analysis)
4.7.1 Effect of SAR Analysis on 3D Radiation Pattern
4.7.2 SAR´s Impact on Human Beings Tissue
4.8 Performance Assessment of the Suggested MIMO Antenna
4.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Flexible 4-Port CP MIMO Antenna
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Geometry and Configuration of a Single, Flexible Monopole Antenna
5.2.1 Working Principle of the Antenna
5.2.2 Analysis of Surface Current Distribution in the Decagon-Shaped Flexible Antenna
5.3 CP Mechanism of the Decagon-Shaped Flexible Antenna
5.4 Bending Analysis of the Decagon Shaped Flexible Antenna
5.5 Designing a Dual-Polarized Flexible Four-Port MIMO Antenna with ILS
5.6 Design Steps of the Four-Port Decagon-Shaped Dual-Polarized Flexible MIMO Antenna
5.7 Polarization Diversity of the Proposed Flexible MIMO Antenna
5.7.1 Results and Analysis of the Suggested, Flexible, Dual-Polarized MIMO Antenna with a Decagon Form
5.7.2 Measured and Simulated Reflection Coefficient
5.7.3 Simulation and Measured Transmission Coefficient
5.7.4 Axial Ratio: Measured and Simulated
5.7.5 Gain and Efficiency: Simulations and Measurements
5.7.6 Measured and Simulated Radiation Patterns
5.7.7 Diversity Gain (DG) and ECC
5.7.8 TARC or Total Active Reflection Coefficient
5.7.9 Mean Effective Gain (MEG) of Suggested Antenna with MIMO Structure
5.7.10 Channel Capacity of Antenna with MIMO Structure
5.8 Bending Analysis of Proposed Flexible MIMO Antenna
5.8.1 Bending Analysis of Proposed Flexible MIMO Antenna Along X-Axis
5.8.2 Bending Analysis of the Proposed Flexible MIMO Antenna Along the Y-Axis
5.9 Performance Comparison of Proposed Flexible MIMO Antenna
5.10 Conclusion
References
Index
