David Kyle examines the lives of people from four rural communities in two regions of the Andean highlands of Ecuador. Migrants from the southern province of Azuay shuttle back and forth to New York City, mostly as undocumented laborers. In contrast, an indigenous group of Quichua-speakers from the northern canton of Otavalo travel the world as handicraft merchants and musicians playing Andean music. In one village, Kyle found that Otavalans were migrating to 23 different countries and returning within a year.
Kyle rejects the notion that contemporary globalization through technology is the primary cause of this mobility. He argues that patterns of transnationalism, developed over several centuries and varying by region and ethnicity, continue to play a crucial role in who will leave Ecuador and who will stay. Yet migrants' use of professional ''migration merchants,'' including smugglers, leads to a phenomenon that transcends the original sending conditions of the 1980s; even cash-poor rural small holders in communities lacking telephone service can buy a clandestine passage to Manhattan.
''With exhaustive fieldwork and data collection, intelligent methodology, and careful analysis of the data, David Kyle makes insightful contributions to the theory on migration--particularly in his application of concepts from economic sociology to transnational migration.''--Robert Smith, Barnard College