Transmission, Processing, and All-Optical Routing for Ultra-High Capacity Data Center Networking

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author biography
1 Historical overview and digital transmission technologies in data centre networking
List of abbreviations
1.1 Digital optical communications and transmission systems: historical overview
1.1.1 Non-DSP-based optical transmission technologies
1.1.2 Signal processors DSP-based optical transmission
1.1.3 Increasing transmission capacity over short-reach distance
1.2 Digital optical transmission in evolving networking
1.2.1 Traffic growth
1.2.2 Transmission technologies for intra- and inter-DC, cloud networking
1.2.3 DCs and cloud computing—a historical overview
1.2.4 100G, 400G and beyond transmission technologies for cloud networking
1.3 Photonic signal processing
1.3.1 Motivations and background
1.3.2 Generic innovative models of photonic signal processors
1.4 Modulation techniques for ultra-broadband
1.4.1 Modulation formats and optical signals generation
1.5 Opto-electronic reception and processing
1.5.1 Incoherent optical receivers
1.5.2 DSP—coherent optical receivers
1.5.3 e-DSP electronic equalization
1.6 100G PDM-QPSK 25GE performance
1.7 Data pulse shaping and DWDM
1.7.1 Pulse shaping
1.7.2 OSNR and BER
1.8 Organization of the chapters
References
2 Data centre networking
2.1 Evolution of DCN and traditional telecom networks
2.1.1 Types of data center networks
2.1.2 Challenges
2.1.3 Performance of DCNs
2.1.4 Communication interconnection speed
2.2 Telecom carriers and challenges from data center networking
2.2.1 Evolution to 5G transport DC-based network
2.2.2 Optical transport technology
2.2.3 Basic rates, capacity and server clusters for intra-and inter-DC connections
2.3 Exabits s−1 integrated photonic interconnection technology for flexible data-centric optical networks
2.3.1 Introductory remarks
2.3.2 Exa-bps optical network topologies
2.3.3 Photonic switching and routing kernels and systems
2.3.4 Current technologies for optical switching and routing
2.3.5 Remarks
2.4 Concluding remarks
References
3 Access and DC networking transmission technologies
3.1 Introductory remarks
3.2 DSP-based coherent optical transmission systems
3.3 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
3.3.1 112G—800 Gbps QPSK coherent transmission systems
3.3.2 ENOB and clipping effects of real ADC and automatic gain controller on transmission performance of a coherent QAM system
3.3.3 Quantization errors and noises
3.4 Optical pre-processing reception and transmitter
3.4.1 I–Q imbalance estimation
3.4.2 Skew estimation
3.4.3 Fractionally spaced equalization of CD and PMD
3.4.4 Electronic digital equalization
3.5 16-QAM systems
3.6 Tera-bits/s superchannel transmission systems
3.6.1 Overview
3.6.2 Nyquist pulse and spectra
3.6.3 Superchannel system requirements
3.6.4 System structure
3.7 Timing recovery in the Nyquist QAM channel
3.8 128 Gb s−1 16-QAM superchannel transmission
3.9 450 Gb s−1 32-QAM Nyquist transmission systems
3.10 DSP-based heterodyne coherent reception systems
3.11 Remarks
3.12 PAM4-IM/DD systems
3.13 Beyond 100G low-cost PAM-4 systems for last mile access
3.14 Discrete multi-tone transmission DD-OFDM systems
3.14.1 Beyond 200+Gbps DMT transmission
3.14.2 Experimental set-up
3.14.3 Performance
3.14.4 Remarks
3.15 Higher-order modulation in IM/DD systems
3.16 Intra-DC networking and access transmission
3.17 Concluding remarks
3.18 Appendix A: Principles of DSP-based coherent transmission
3.19 Appendix B: Balanced detection in coherent receivers
3.19.1 Optical front end
3.19.2 Optical mixing and polarization diversity
3.19.3 Differential amplification
3.19.4 Unmatched detector frequency responses
References
4 Super-channel transmission by multi-carrier sources
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Comb generation of multi-sub-carriers
4.2.1 General structure
4.2.2 Synchronous optical modulator
4.2.3 Implementation of the comb generator
4.3 Dual-band frequency shifting recirculating comb generator
4.4 Comb generator in multi-Tbps optical transmission system
4.4.1 Packing modulated comb channels in the frequency domain using Nyquist shaping
4.4.2 Transmission of super-channels formed by modulated MCL
4.4.3 Remarks
4.6 Low cost 1.6 Tbps by un-cooled comb sources
4.6.1 DSP-assisted Tbps low-cost comb source system
4.6.2 A simple generation of comb lines via cascade modulators
4.6.3 Optical injection and comb generation
4.7 Concluding remarks
References
5 Photonic signal processors
5.1 Optical transformed channels and transmission: spectral domain processing
5.1.1 Optical Fourier transform (OFT) based structure
5.1.2 Optical Fourier processor
5.2 Photonic signal processors
5.2.1 Generic deep learning neural network photonic signal processor (DLNNPSP)
5.2.2 PSP operating principles
5.2.3 ONN operating principles
5.2.4 Remarks
5.3 5G optical transport networking: from photonic devices to processors
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Optical transport networking evolution for 5G delivery
5.3.3 Security aspects and transmission technology for secret keys in CO-transmission of massive data transport
References
6 All-optical routing and switching for DC networking
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 DC networking
6.1.2 Power consumption
6.1.3 MEMS, WSS and ROADM
6.2 Optical MEMS, WSS and routing in optical domain
6.2.1 Remarks
6.2.2 MEMS and nano-technology
6.2.3 Optical MEMS and applications
6.2.4 Bandwidth tunable optical filtering
6.3 Optical routing for DCI and DCN
6.3.1 Introductory remarks
6.3.2 MEMS: operation principles and applications
6.3.3 Operation principles
6.3.4 MEMS fibre optic switch
6.3.5 MEMS switch and mechanical–optical switch (MOS)
6.3.6 MEMS as switching systems optical networks
6.3.7 MEMS based optical switch in all-optical networks
6.3.8 N x M arrays of WSSs
6.4 Non-reconfigurable OADM (optical add-drop multiplexer)
6.4.1 Configurations and functions of OADM
6.4.2 Optical add/drop filter
6.4.3 Configurations of OADM
6.4.4 Main functions of OADM
6.4.5 Different types of OADMs
6.5 Space NEWS-ROADM photonic routing node
6.5.1 Demands and configurations
6.5.2 Scalable ROADM nodes using WSSs plus slave-OXC (OXCS)
6.5.3 Optical network: architecture on demand
6.6 Concluding remarks
6.7 Appendix: Fabrication processes of typical optical MEMS
6.8 Appendix: Form factors modules in DCN
6.9 DCO (digital coherent optics) for DC interconnection and networking
6.9.1 Digital coherent optics (DCO) QSFP-DD optical modules
6.9.2 DCO OTRx (optical transceiver) modules
6.10 Optical module requirements for DCI
6.10.1 Trend towards ultra-high speed
6.10.2 The trend towards low-consumption
6.10.3 The trend towards low cost
6.10.4 The trend towards intelligence
6.11 Appendix: OSNR and measurement in ROADM optical networks
References
7 Power-limited (quantum) and bandwidth-limited (ultra-high-capacity) network transmission
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Shannon ‘channel’ and bit rate
7.2.1 Transmission systems
7.2.2 Capacity, sensitivity and limits
7.2.3 Bandwidth-limited system
7.2.4 Power-limited system
7.3 Multi-tera bits s−1 transmission
7.3.1 Modulation and multiplexing
7.3.2 Optical amplification
7.3.3 Impairments and mitigation over space and long-haul transmission channels
7.4 Quantum key distribution
7.4.1 QKD system over space channels and quantum signals
7.4.2 QKD transmission system
7.5 Remarks
References
Appendix A: Technical data of single-mode optical fibers
Appendix B: A coherent balanced receiver and method for noise suppression
Appendix C: Power budget