Translational research is of great importance for clinical practice. Therefore, this book provides comprehensive information on an important gap in pediatric urology: the description of basic concepts that allow a better understanding of urinary and genital anomalies.
The content encompasses personal experience and research topics developed at Rio de Janeiro State University’s Urogenital Research Unit over the past 25 years. Throughout the chapters, the main aspects of embryology and fetal anatomy as applied to the various congenital malformations that most often affect newborns and children are described. Neural tube defects and Prune Belly Syndrome, two rare but highly relevant conditions that alter the structure of the urinary and genital system, are discussed in detail. In addition, the diagnosis and treatment of genital anomalies are addressed.
Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for a wide audience including urologists, pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, and medical students.
Author(s): Luciano Alves Favorito
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 237
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Basic Embryology of Urogenital System
1.1 Development of Urinary System
1.1.1 Kidney
1.1.2 Ureter
1.1.3 Bladder
1.2 Development of the Male Genital System
1.2.1 Testicle
1.2.2 Epididymis and Deferens Duct
1.2.3 Prostate and Seminal Vesicles
1.2.4 Penis
1.3 Development of the Female Genital System
1.3.1 Ovary
1.3.2 Uterus, Fallopian Tube, and Vagina
1.3.3 External Genitalia
References
Chapter 2: Basic Anatomy of Urinary Tract
2.1 Kidney Anatomy
2.1.1 Kidney Position
2.1.2 Renal Relationships
2.1.3 Parietal Relations of the Kidneys
2.1.4 Visceral Relations of the Kidneys
2.1.5 Vascular Anatomy
2.1.6 Lymphatic Drainage
2.2 Anatomy of Adrenal Glands
References
Chapter 3: Basic Anatomy of the Male Genital System
3.1 Prostate Anatomy
3.2 Prostate Zonal Anatomy
3.3 External Sphincter of the Urethra
3.4 Prostatic Vascularization
3.4.1 Arteries
3.4.2 Periprostatic Venous Plexus
3.5 Lymphatic Drainage of the Prostate
3.6 Innervation of the Prostate and Neurovascular Bundle
3.7 Seminal Vesicles
3.8 Ejaculatory Ducts
3.9 Testis and Scrotum
3.10 Lymphatic Vascularization and Drainage
3.11 Epididymis
3.12 Vas Deferens
3.13 Anatomy of the Penis
3.14 Root of the Penis
3.15 Free Portion of the Penis
3.16 Glans and Prepuce
3.17 Body of the Penis
3.18 Arteries of the Penis
3.19 Veins of the Penis
3.20 Lymphatic Drainage of the Penis
3.21 Nerves of the Penis
References
Chapter 4: Basic Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract
4.1 Uterus Anatomy
4.2 Uterine Tubes
4.3 Ovaries
4.4 Vascularization, Lymph System, and Innervation
References
Chapter 5: Testicular Migration
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phases and Theories of Testicular Migration
5.3 Rise in Intra-abdominal Pressure
5.4 Hormonal Stimulus
5.5 Stimulus Originating in the Genitofemoral Nerve
5.6 Development of the Structures Near the Testis (Epididymis, Spermatic Veins, and Deferent Ducts)
5.7 Gubernaculum Testis
5.7.1 Proximal Gubernaculum
5.7.2 Distal Gubernaculum
5.7.3 Structure of the Gubernaculum During Testicular Migration
5.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Basic Research Applied to Undescended Testis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Etiology
6.3 Cryptorchidism Classification
6.4 Rectractile Testis
6.4.1 Cremaster Muscle in Retractile Testis
6.4.2 Epididymal Anomalies and Vaginal Process in Rectractile Testis
6.5 Ectopic Testis
6.6 Rates of Cancer and Infertility
6.7 Associated Anomalies in Undescended Testis
6.8 Diagnosis
6.9 Ideal Age for Cryptorchidism Treatment
6.10 Clinical Treatment
6.11 Impalpable Testis
6.12 Surgical Treatment
6.13 Laparoscopic Orchidopexy
6.14 Fowler-Stephens Surgery
References
Chapter 7: Basic Research Applied to Testicular Torsion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Embryology of Testicular Torsion and Extravaginal Torsion
7.3 Anatomy of Testicular Torsion: Bell Clapper and Intravaginal Torsion
7.4 Clinical Aspects of Testicular Torsion
7.5 Age of Onset and Its Influence on Function and Morphology of the Adult Testicle Applied to Testicular Torsion
7.6 Influence of Antioxidant Treatment in Testicular Torsion
7.7 Influence of Orchiopexy in Testicular Torsion
References
Chapter 8: Methods of Basic Research Applied to Urinary and Genital Systems During the Human Fetal Period
8.1 Fetal Measurements
8.2 Histologic Techniques
8.2.1 Collagen Fibers
8.2.2 Reticular Fibers
8.2.3 Elastic System Fibers
8.2.4 Muscular Fibers
8.2.4.1 Immunohistochemistry
8.3 Quantification Techniques
8.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy
8.5 Injection/Corrosion Techniques
References
Chapter 9: Basic Research Applied to Hypospadias
9.1 Penile Embryology
9.2 Foreskin Embryology
9.3 Histologic Study of the Foreskin in Hypospadias
9.4 Penile Structure in Human Fetuses
References
Chapter 10: Basic Research Applied to Renal Anomalies
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Kidney Surface in Human Fetuses
10.3 Kidney Development Applied to Hydronephrosis
10.4 Renal Pelvis Structure
10.5 Renal Anomalies
10.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Basic Research Applied to Ureteral Anomalies
11.1 Ureteral Anatomy
11.1.1 Ureter Relations
11.1.2 Pelvic Ureter
11.1.3 Vascularization, Lymphatic Drainage, and Innervation
11.2 Ureter Structure
References
Chapter 12: Basic Research Applied to Bladder Anomalies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Bladder Development
12.3 Development of the Urachus
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Basic Research Applied to Female Reproductive Tract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Embryology Applied to the Female Genital System
13.3 Basic Research of Female External Genitalia
13.4 Basic Research of Bladder and Urethra in Female Fetuses
13.5 Basic Research of the Uterus, Vagina, and Clitoris
References
Chapter 14: Neural Tube Defects and Genitourinary System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methods
14.3 Structure of the Urogenital Organs
14.3.1 Kidney
14.3.2 Ureter
14.3.3 Bladder
14.4 Prostate
14.5 Testis
14.6 Penis and Urethra
14.7 Comments
14.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Prune Belly Syndrome and Urogenital System
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Gubernaculum Testis in Prune Belly Syndrome
15.3 Testis in Prune Belly Syndrome
15.4 Penis in Prune Belly Syndrome
15.5 Prostate in Prune Belly Syndrome
15.6 Bladder in Prune Belly Syndrome
15.7 Conclusions
References
Index
