This book reviews the role of trace elements in brain development, function, metabolism, and neurodegenerative disorders. It explores the molecular mechanisms of the effects of trace elements on metabolic pathways, mitochondrial nutrients, neurodegeneration, Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders, cell signaling, and neuronal functions. The book also discusses transport mechanisms of trace elements within CNS and their impact on neurotransmitter biology. Further, it examines the deleterious effects due to dyshomeostasis of trace elements in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in damage to neurons and glial cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress turn leading to neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction. The book also explores the putative role of trace element deficiency in psychiatric disorders, including depression, and the imbalance of trace elements on neuronal genomic stability.
Author(s): Wael Mohamed, Rajat Sandhir
Series: Nutritional Neurosciences
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 175
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Dietary Iron and Brain Development
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Iron as a Trace Element
1.1.2 Dietary Iron Forms and Sources
1.1.3 Iron Deficiency
1.1.4 Iron Requirements & Absorptions
1.2 Iron Homeostasis and Brain Development
1.2.1 Dietary Iron Supplementations and Brain Development
1.2.1.1 Brain Development in Early Life
1.2.2 Cognitive, Motor and Socio-Emotional Development
1.3 Dietary Iron and Brain Disorders
1.3.1 Parkinson Disease
1.3.2 Alzheimer Disease
1.4 Iron for AD and PD Treatment
1.4.1 Iron Chelation
1.4.2 Antioxidant Therapy
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Trace Elements and Mild Cognitive Impairment
2.1 Introduction—Ageing, Cognitive Decline and Nutrition
2.2 Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)
2.2.1 Prevalence of MCI
2.2.2 Pathogenesis
2.2.3 Symptoms and Treatment
2.3 Factors Associated with MCI
2.3.1 Oxidative Stress and MCI
2.3.2 DNA Damage and MCI
2.3.3 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and MCI
2.3.4 Telomere Shortening and MCI
2.4 Trace Elements and Their Role in Cognitive Function
2.4.1 Calcium
2.4.2 Copper
2.4.3 Zinc
2.4.4 Selenium
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Nutrigenomics and Trace Elements: Hopes and Hypes for Parkinson’s Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Trace Elements and Health
3.3 Trace Elements in the Aging Process
3.3.1 Selenium
3.3.2 Zinc
3.3.3 Copper
3.3.4 Chromium
3.3.5 Iron
3.4 Nutrigenomics: Definition and Importance
3.5 Trace Elements and Nutrigenomics: The Interplay
3.6 Trace Elements and Nutrigenomics: Potential Way to PD Management
3.7 Epigenetics: Gene Expression–Nutrition Interface
3.8 Nutrigenomics and Food–Genome Junction
3.9 The Glymphatic System and Brain Health
3.10 The Glymphatic–Lymphatic System Interaction
3.11 Physical Exercise Improves Glymphatic Function
3.12 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Putative Role of Trace Elements Deficiency in Psychiatric Disorders Including Depression
4.1 Neuropsychiatric Disorders
4.2 Depression
4.2.1 Zinc
4.2.2 Copper
4.2.3 Manganese
4.2.4 Magnesium
4.2.5 Selenium
4.2.6 Iron
4.3 Anxiety
4.3.1 Zinc
4.3.2 Copper
4.3.3 Magnesium
4.3.4 Manganese
4.3.5 Lead
4.3.6 Selenium
4.3.7 Cadmium
4.4 Schizophrenia
4.4.1 Zinc
4.4.2 Copper
4.4.3 Manganese
4.4.4 Magnesium
4.4.5 Selenium
4.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Trace Elements and Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lead Neurotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.2.1 General Information on Lead
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Pb Toxicity
5.2.2.1 Ionic Mechanism
5.2.2.2 Oxidative Stress
5.2.2.3 Toxic Effects of Pb
5.2.3 At the Peripheral Level
5.2.3.1 Digestive Effects
5.2.3.2 Renal System
5.2.3.3 Bones
5.2.3.4 Reproductive and Endocrine System
5.2.3.5 Cardiovascular System
5.2.3.6 Hematological Parameters
5.2.3.7 Carcinogenic Effects
5.2.3.8 In the Central Nervous System
5.2.3.9 Effects on the Glial System
5.2.4 Effects on the Neuronal System
5.2.4.1 Monoaminergic Neurotransmission and pb Poisoning
5.2.4.2 GABAergic Neurotransmission and Pb Intoxication
5.2.4.3 Glutamatergic Neurotransmission and Pb Poisoning
5.3 Aluminum Neurotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.3.1 Toxic Effects of Al
5.3.2 Al and Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.4 Mn and Copper Neurotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases
5.4.1 Mechanisms of Mn Neurotoxicity
5.4.1.1 Alzheimer Type II Astrocytosis
5.4.1.2 Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress
5.4.1.3 Mn-Induced Alterations in Neurotransmitter Systems
5.4.1.4 Neuroinflammation
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Edible Bird’s Nest: Seeing the Unseen
6.1 Introductory Considerations
6.2 Cognitive Enhancers
6.2.1 Introduction and Context
6.2.2 Mechanism of Action of CE
6.2.3 Indications and Applications of CE
6.2.4 Available CEs and Adverse Effects
6.2.5 Acceptability to Society and Moral Considerations
6.3 Edible Bird Nest (EBN)
6.3.1 An Overview and Historical Context
6.3.2 Active EBN Compounds
6.3.3 EBN's Antioxidant Effects
6.3.4 EBN's Effects on Cognition
6.3.5 CE Status of EBN
6.4 Discussion
6.5 Concluding Remarks and Suggestions
References
Chapter 7: Trace Elements and Epilepsy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Trace Elements Alterations in the Brain and Blood of Patients with Epilepsy
7.2.1 Trace Element Distribution in the Human Brain
7.2.2 Trace Element Distribution in the Blood
7.2.2.1 Zinc and Epilepsy/Seizures
7.2.2.2 Copper and Epilepsy/Seizures
7.2.2.3 Magnesium and Epilepsy/Seizures
7.2.2.4 Selenium and Epilepsy/Seizures
7.3 Oligotherapy as a Remedy to Prevent Epileptic Seizures
7.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Blood Markers of Oxidative Stress in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8.3 Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
8.4 Treatment Interventions Targeting Oxidative Stress
8.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
