This contributed volume brings out a comprehensive collection of information on environmental toxicology, its impact on living organisms in general and human health in particular. The main focus of this book is to address human health issues and risk assessment.
Toxicological studies help in understanding the impact of harmful substances including both natural and synthetic chemicals on organisms and their environment. Contributions in the title include both laboratory and field based studies with a focus on human health. Moreover, day by day, there is an increase in the range of chemicals from pharmaceutical and other industries, agricultural runoffs, medicine, and many other sources which continuously contribute to the earth's chemical load. Almost all the countries are facing great difficulties in responding to the crucial and immediate need for effective management of such contaminants. The title compiles studies in regards to environmental toxicology and its effect on human health.
This book provides critical information and knowledge that can be used by regulatory agencies, decision-makers, policy makers, graduate and post-graduate students, researchers, environmental toxicologists, etc, and others to put programs and policies in place to limit our exposures to these substances thereby preventing or reducing the likelihood that a disease or other negative health outcomes would occur.
Author(s): Md. Irshad Ahmad, Mohammad Mahamood, Mehjbeen Javed, Saleh S. Alhewairini
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 284
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Part I: Environmental Exposure to Contaminants and Assessment
1: Environmental Contaminants and Their Impact on Wildlife
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Environmental Contaminants
1.3 Pesticides
1.4 Industrial Chemicals
1.5 Fossil and Mineral Fuels
1.6 Pharmaceuticals (Human and Veterinary)
1.7 Personal Care Products
1.8 Metals
1.9 Fertilizers
1.10 Impact of Environmental Contaminants on Wildlife
1.11 Pesticides
1.12 Industrial Chemicals
1.13 Fossil and Mineral Fuels
1.14 Pharmaceuticals (Human and Veterinary)
1.15 Personal Care Products
1.16 Metals
1.17 Impact of Fertilizers
1.18 Conclusion
References
2: Heavy Metal Pollution in Water from Anthropogenic and Natural Activities and the Remediation Strategies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Chemical Nature of Heavy Metals
2.3 Sources of Heavy Metal Pollution
2.4 Heavy Metals and Their Dangerous Impacts
2.4.1 Copper
2.4.2 Iron
2.4.3 Lead
2.4.4 Cadmium
2.4.5 Zinc
2.4.6 Nickel
2.4.7 Chromium
2.4.8 Arsenic
2.5 Characteristics of Common Heavy Metals
2.6 Heavy Metals Removal Technologies
2.7 Heavy Metals Removal from Water
2.8 Conventional Methods
2.9 Non-Conventional Methods
2.10 Nanotechnology
2.11 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals
2.12 Biological Approach by Using Diatoms
2.13 Endophytes Isolation and Characterization
2.14 Uses of Endophytic Microbes in Real Contaminants
2.15 Future Predictions
2.16 Conclusion
References
3: Cement Dust Pollution and Environment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Chapter Aims
3.3 Influence of Cement Dust on the Characteristics and Population of the Environment
3.3.1 Cement Dust Pollution and Atmosphere
3.3.2 Cement Dust Pollution and Water
3.3.3 Cement Dust Pollution and Soil
3.3.4 Cement Dust Pollution and Human Health
3.3.5 Cement Dust Pollution and Plant Health
3.4 Conclusion
References
4: Microplastics: An Overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Plastics
4.2.1 Megaplastics
4.2.2 Macroplastics
4.2.3 Mesoplastics
4.2.4 Microplastics
4.2.5 Nanoplastics
4.3 Sources
4.4 Biological Interaction
4.5 Conclusion
References
5: Aquaculture Fish Responses Towards Temperature Stress: A Critical Review
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Methods
5.3 Fish Responses to Temperature Stress
5.4 Neuroendocrine Response to Temperature Stress
5.5 Antioxidant Responses to Temperature Stress
5.6 Immunity Status Under Temperature Stress
5.7 Haematological Responses to Temperature Stress
5.8 Growth and Metabolic Responses to Temperature Stress
5.9 Biochemical Response to Temperature Stress
5.10 Response of Ionic Balance to Temperature Stress
5.11 Reproductive Responses to Temperature Stress
5.12 Effects of Temperature on Sex Determination and Differentiation
5.13 Thermal Imprinting in Fish
5.14 Mitigation Measures to Temperature Stress
5.15 Levans
5.16 Proteins and Amino Acids
5.17 Tryptophan
5.18 Phenylalanine and Tyrosine
5.19 Methionine
5.20 Arginine
5.21 Branched-Chain Amino Acids
5.22 Glutamine
5.23 Tyrosine, Glycine, and Phosphatidylserine
5.24 Essential Fatty Acids and Phospholipids
5.25 Vitamins
5.26 Vitamin C
5.27 Vitamin E
5.28 Vitamin A
5.29 B Group Vitamins: Vitamins B2 and B3
5.30 Vitamins B9 and B12
5.31 Vitamins B5 and B7
5.32 Minerals
5.33 Nucleotides
5.34 Methyl Donors
5.35 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Part II: Biomarkers of Human Health
6: Thrombophilia and Its Markers: A Comprehensive Insight
6.1 Thrombosis
6.2 Coagulation Cascade
6.3 Epidemiology
6.4 Specific Genetic Types of Inherited Thrombophilia
6.4.1 Factor V Leiden
6.4.2 Prothrombin Genetic Mutation
6.4.3 Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Mutation
6.4.4 Protein C Deficiency
6.4.5 Protein S Deficiency
6.4.6 Antithrombin Deficiency
6.5 Thrombophilia in Pregnancy
6.6 Portal Vein Thrombosis
6.7 Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT)
6.8 Coronary Heart Disease
6.9 Conclusion
References
7: Role of Salivary Markers for Diagnosis of Systemic Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Salivary Diagnostics for Systemic Diseases
7.2.1 Cardiovascular Diseases
7.2.2 Cardiac Enzymes
7.2.2.1 Pro-inflammatory Salivary Markers
7.2.2.2 Soluble Cell Adhesion Markers
7.2.3 Diabetes
7.2.4 Renal Diseases
7.2.5 Malignancy
7.2.6 Brain Diseases
7.2.7 Infectious Diseases
7.2.8 Bacterial Diseases
7.2.9 Viral Diseases
7.3 Salivary Diagnosis of Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19)
7.3.1 Autoimmune Disorders
7.3.2 Psychological Research
7.3.3 Hereditary Diseases
7.3.4 Respiratory Disease
7.3.5 Forensic Evidence
7.4 Saliva in Hormone Level Monitoring
7.4.1 Aldosterone
7.4.2 Progesterone
7.4.3 Insulin
7.5 Conclusion
References
8: Role of Biomarkers in Cancer Prevention and Therapy
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History of Cancer Biomarkers Discovery
8.3 Limitations of Cancer Therapies and Need for Cancer Biomarker Discovery
8.4 Cancer Biomarkers and Their Clinical Applications
8.5 Some Commonly Used Cancer Biomarkers in Clinical Practices
8.6 Sources of Cancer Biomarker Detection
8.6.1 Circulating Tumor Nucleic Acids
8.6.2 Circulating Tumor Cells
8.6.3 Exosomes
8.7 Stages of Cancer Biomarker Development
8.8 Biomarkers Used in Some Common Cancers
8.9 Targeted Therapies Based on Cancer Biomarkers
8.10 Techniques Used for Biomarker Discovery
8.11 Conclusion
References
9: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Clinical Features, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Treatment, and Therapeutic Strategies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Multifaceted Disease
9.3 Diagnosis
9.4 Hyperandrogenism
9.5 Menstrual Abnormalities
9.6 Ultrasonography Documentation of Polycystic Ovaries
9.7 Common Manifestations in PCOS
9.7.1 Obesity
9.7.2 Insulin Resistance
9.7.3 Diabetes Mellitus
9.7.4 Cardiovascular Disease
9.7.5 Infertility
9.7.6 Cancers
9.8 Biomarkers of PCOS
9.8.1 Inflammatory Markers
9.8.2 Oxidative Stress Markers
9.8.3 Adipose Markers
9.8.4 miRNA as Biomarkers in PCOS
9.9 Treatment Strategies
9.10 Conclusion
References
10: Impact of Environmental Stress on Gene Modification, Cancer, and Chemoresistance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Genome Instability
10.3 A Brief Overview of the Mode of Action of Some Common Chemotherapeutic Drugs
10.4 Target Sites for Developing Chemoresistance and its Molecular Mechanism
10.5 Pathological Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix
10.6 Increase in the Number of Cancer Stem Cell Populations
10.7 Overexpression of Genes Coding for CYP450 Isozymes
10.8 The Ability of Cancer Cells to Repair DNA Damage
10.9 Induction of Oncogenic Signaling
10.10 Common Organic Pollutants Interfering with Chemotherapeutic Drugs
10.11 Particulate Matter
10.12 Aluminum Chloride
10.13 Benzo [a] Pyrene
10.14 Persistent Organic Pollutants
10.15 Conclusion
References
Part III: Human Health Risk Assessment
11: Human Health Risk Assessment (HHRA) for Environmental Exposure: A Brief Account
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Basic Steps in HHRA
11.3 Utilization of HHRA
11.4 HHRA for Exposure to Polluted Air
11.5 HHRA for Exposure to Polluted Water
11.6 HHRA for Exposure to Polluted Soil
11.7 Conclusion
References
12: Human Health Risk Assessment Due to the Consumption of Heavy Metals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Materials and Methods
12.2.1 Health Risk Assessment for Fish Consumption
12.2.1.1 Calculation of EDI and THQ
12.2.1.2 HI
12.2.1.3 TR
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 EDI, THQ, and HI
12.3.2 Target Cancer Risk (TR)
12.4 Conclusion
References
