Toxicological profiles - Wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch,

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR WOOD CREOSOTE, COAL TAR CREOSOTE, COAL TAR, COAL TAR PITCH, AND COAL TAR PITCH VOLATILES......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS CREOSOTE?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO CREOSOTE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 18
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CREOSOTE?......Page 20
1.4 HOW CAN CREOSOTE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 21
1.5 HOW CAN CREOSOTE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 22
1.6 HOW CAN CREOSOTE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 23
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CREOSOTE?......Page 24
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO CREOSOTE?......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.1.2 Coal Tar and Coal Tar Products......Page 31
2.2.1 Wood Creosotes......Page 34
2.2.2 Coal Tar and Coal Tar Products......Page 35
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 37
Figure 2-1. Origin of Wood Creosotes and Coal Tar Products......Page 32
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 39
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 42
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 54
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 57
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 66
3.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 67
3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 68
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 69
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 75
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 76
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 98
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 112
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 113
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 115
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 116
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 118
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 123
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 124
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 142
3.2.3.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 143
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 145
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 146
3.3 Genotoxicity......Page 157
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 165
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 168
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 169
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 173
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 174
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 175
3.4.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 178
3.4.3.2 Oral Exposure......Page 179
3.4.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 181
3.4.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 183
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 184
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 187
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 188
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 190
Figure 3-5. Conceptual Representation of a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic ( PBPK) Model for a Hypothetical Chemical Substance......Page 192
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 195
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 196
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 197
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 200
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 205
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Creosote......Page 206
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Creosote......Page 207
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 208
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 209
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 210
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 211
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 212
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Creosote......Page 213
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 215
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 224
Table 3-6. Genotoxicity of Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, Coal Tar Pitch,......Page 161
Table 3-7. Genotoxicity of Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, Coal Tar Pitch,......Page 163
Figure 3-4. Proposed Metabolic Scheme for Benzo[a]pyrene......Page 176
Figure 3-6. Existing Information on Health Effects of Creosote......Page 214
4.2.1 Wood Creosote......Page 225
4.2.2 Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, and Coal Tar Pitch......Page 229
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 240
5.3 USE......Page 241
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 245
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 247
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 249
6.2.1 Air......Page 253
6.2.2 Water......Page 254
6.2.3 Soil......Page 255
6.3ENVIRONMENTAL FATE......Page 256
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 257
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 259
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 260
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 262
6.3.2.4 Other Media......Page 263
6.4.2 Water......Page 264
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 265
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 267
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 268
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 276
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 279
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 281
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 286
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 289
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 293
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 301
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 303
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 304
9. REFERENCES......Page 308
Case Report......Page 354
Heterocyclic......Page 355
Minimal Risk Level......Page 356
Pharmacokinetics......Page 357
Reference Dose......Page 358
Toxic Dose......Page 359
Xenobiotic......Page 360
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 361
USER'S GUIDE......Page 363
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 370