Toxicological profiles - Uranium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR URANIUM......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 10
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS URANIUM?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO URANIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO URANIUM?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN URANIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN URANIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN URANIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 27
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO URANIUM?......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 31
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 32
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 39
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 41
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 42
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 96
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 98
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 99
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 100
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 106
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 107
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 108
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 147
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 148
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 149
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 151
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 153
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 154
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 163
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 164
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 165
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 167
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 168
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 169
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 171
2.3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 173
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 174
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 175
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 177
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 178
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 196
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 197
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 200
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 201
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 227
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 230
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Uranium......Page 231
2.7.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Uranium......Page 232
2.10 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 233
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 234
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Uranium......Page 235
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 238
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 247
3.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 249
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 259
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 263
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 267
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 271
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 275
5.2.1 Air......Page 276
5.2.2 Water......Page 280
5.2.3 Soil......Page 281
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 284
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 290
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 291
5.4.1 Air......Page 292
5.4.2 Water......Page 294
5.4.3 Soil......Page 300
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 302
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 304
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 306
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 308
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 309
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 312
6.1.1 Internal Uranium Measurements......Page 314
6.1.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Uranium Measurements......Page 316
6.2.1 Field Measurements of Uranium......Page 320
6.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Samples......Page 321
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 331
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 332
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 334
8. REFERENCES......Page 348
Acute Exposure, Chemical......Page 397
Attenuation......Page 398
Buildup Factor......Page 399
Count (Radiation Measurements)......Page 400
Depleted uranium (DU)......Page 401
Tissue Dose......Page 402
Enriched Uranium......Page 403
Excitation......Page 404
In Vivo......Page 405
Isomers......Page 406
High-LET......Page 407
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)......Page 408
Radiation......Page 409
Radioactivity, Natural......Page 410
Short-Term Exposure Limit (STEL)......Page 411
Threshold Limit Value (TLV)......Page 412
Working Level (WL)......Page 413
Zero-Threshold Linear Hypothesis......Page 414
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 415
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 417
USER'S GUIDE......Page 430
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 437
D.1 RADIONUCLIDES AND RADIOACTIVITY......Page 442
D.2.2 Half-Life and Activity......Page 443
D.2.3 Interaction of Radiation with Matter......Page 445
D.2.4 Characteristics of Emitted Radiation......Page 446
D.3.1 Dose/Exposure Units......Page 447
D.3.2 Dosimetry Models......Page 448
D.4.1 Radiation Effects at the Cellular Level......Page 449
D.5.1 Dose Equivalent and Dose Equivalent Rate.......Page 450
D.5.3 Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose Equivalent Rate.......Page 451
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX D......Page 454