Toxicological profiles - Trichloroethylene

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 12
LIST OF TABLES......Page 13
1.1 WHAT IS TRICHLOROETHYLENE?......Page 14
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO TRICHLOROETHYLENE?......Page 15
1.4 HOW CAN TRICHLOROETHYLENE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 16
1.5 HOW CAN TRICHLOROETHYLENE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 19
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 22
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 24
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 25
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 48
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 55
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 56
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 57
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 58
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 62
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 93
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 94
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 96
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 97
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 102
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 103
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 106
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 107
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 108
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 109
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 110
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 111
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 112
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 114
2. 3. 3 Metabolism......Page 115
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 121
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 122
2. 3. 5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/ Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 123
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 131
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 133
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 138
2. 5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 139
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 166
2. 6. 1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Trichloroethylene......Page 167
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Trichloroethylene......Page 170
2. 7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 171
2. 8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 174
2. 9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 175
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 176
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 177
2.10.1Existing Information on Health Effects of Trichloroethylene......Page 178
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 180
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 192
3. 2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 193
4.2 IMPORT/ EXPORT......Page 197
4.3 USE......Page 200
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 201
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 202
5.2.1 Air......Page 204
5.2.3 Soil......Page 207
5. 3. 1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 208
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 211
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 212
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 213
5.4.1 Air......Page 216
5.4.2 Water......Page 217
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 219
5. 5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 220
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 223
5. 7. 1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 224
5. 7. 2 On-going Studies......Page 227
6. 1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 229
6. 2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 233
6. 3. 1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 240
6. 3. 2 On-going Studies......Page 241
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 243
8. REFERENCES......Page 250
Intermediate Exposure......Page 299
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)......Page 300
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 301
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 302
USER'S GUIDE......Page 308
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 315