Toxicological profiles - Strontium

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR STRONTIUM......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 10
CONTENTS......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 15
LIST OF TABLES......Page 16
1.1 WHAT IS STRONTIUM?......Page 17
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO STRONTIUM WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 19
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO STRONTIUM?......Page 21
1.4 HOW CAN STRONTIUM ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN STRONTIUM AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 23
1.6 HOW CAN STRONTIUM AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO STRONTIUM?......Page 28
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 29
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 30
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 32
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO STRONTIUM IN THE......Page 33
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 35
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 45
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 49
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 51
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 53
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 54
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 61
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 67
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 69
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 70
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 72
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 73
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 85
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 115
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 116
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 117
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 118
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 120
3.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 124
3.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 125
3.2.4.7 Cancer......Page 133
3.2.5.2 Systemic Effects......Page 135
3.2.5.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 138
3.2.5.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 139
3.2.5.6 Developmental Effects......Page 141
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 142
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 147
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 149
3.4.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 154
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 156
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 159
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 160
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 162
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 183
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 186
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 190
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 191
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 197
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Strontium......Page 198
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 199
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 200
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 202
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 203
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 205
3.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 208
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Strontium......Page 209
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 212
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 223
4.2 PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND RADIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES......Page 225
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 235
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 236
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 237
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 240
6.2.1 Air......Page 243
6.2.3 Soil and Sediments......Page 252
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 253
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 257
6.4.1 Air......Page 258
6.4.2 Water......Page 261
6.4.3 Soils and sediments......Page 263
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 268
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 276
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 279
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 280
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 281
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies.......Page 283
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 285
7.1.2 In Vivo and In Vitro Radiostrontium Measurements......Page 287
7.2.2 Laboratory Analysis of Environmental Samples......Page 288
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 291
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 292
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 293
9. REFERENCES......Page 316
Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter ( AMAD)......Page 402
Attenuation......Page 403
Bremsstrahlung......Page 404
Compton Effect......Page 405
Decay, Radioactive......Page 406
Absorbed Dose......Page 407
Electron......Page 408
Epidemiology......Page 409
Fission, Nuclear......Page 410
Intermediate Exposure......Page 411
Kerma (k)......Page 412
Lung Clearance Class (fast, F; medium, M; slow, S)......Page 413
Octanol- Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)......Page 414
Positron......Page 415
Radiation, Ionizing......Page 416
Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)......Page 417
Sickness, Acute Radiation (Syndrome)......Page 418
Toxicosis......Page 419
X rays......Page 420
Zero- Threshold Linear Hypothesis......Page 421
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 422
USER'S GUIDE......Page 426
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 433
OVERVIEW OF BASIC RADIATION PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY......Page 438
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX D......Page 451