Toxicological profiles - Pyrethrins And Pyrethroids

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 11
PEER REVIEW......Page 13
CONTENTS......Page 15
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 19
LIST OF TABLES......Page 21
1.1 WHAT ARE PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS?......Page 23
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS WHEN THEY ENTER THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 24
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS?......Page 25
1.4 HOW CAN PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 26
1.5 HOW CAN PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 27
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS?......Page 28
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO PYRETHRINS OR PYRETHROIDS?......Page 29
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 30
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 31
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO PYRETHRINS AND PYRETHROIDS IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 33
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 36
Oral MRLs......Page 38
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 41
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 44
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 45
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 47
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 49
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 62
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 64
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 66
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 68
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 70
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 71
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 72
3.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 73
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 75
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 76
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 88
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 89
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 90
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 91
3.4.2 Distribution......Page 92
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 93
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 95
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 96
3.4.3.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 99
3.4.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 100
3.4.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 101
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 102
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 104
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 105
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 108
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 109
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 112
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 114
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 118
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids......Page 119
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 120
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 121
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 122
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 123
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids......Page 124
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 126
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 131
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 134
4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY......Page 135
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 145
5.3 USE......Page 157
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 163
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 167
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 171
6.2.2 Water......Page 173
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 176
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 180
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 182
6.3.2.3 Soil......Page 184
6.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 186
6.4.2 Water......Page 187
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 188
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 189
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 196
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 198
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 200
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 201
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 205
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 206
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 207
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 210
Methods for Determining Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect.......Page 215
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 216
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 217
9. REFERENCES......Page 230
Case-Control Study......Page 278
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 279
Modifying Factor (MF)......Page 280
Physiologically Based Pharmacodynamic (PBPD) Model......Page 281
Reproductive Toxicity......Page 282
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 283
Xenobiotic......Page 284
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 285
USER'S GUIDE......Page 291
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 298