Toxicological profiles - Nitrophenols

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR NITROPHENOLS: 2-NITROPHENOL, 4-NITROPHENOL......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 5
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
FOREWORD......Page 3
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES......Page 9
1.1 WHAT ARE 2-NITROPHENOL AND 4-NITROPHENOL?......Page 10
1.3 HOW CAN 2-NITROPHENOL AND 4-NITROPHENOL ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 11
1.6 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 12
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 13
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 14
2.2.1.6 Reproductive Effects......Page 20
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 21
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 27
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 28
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 29
2.2.3.3 Immunological Effects......Page 33
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 34
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 35
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 36
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 37
2.4 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 40
2.5 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 47
2.7 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 48
2.9 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 49
2.9.2 Data Needs......Page 50
2.9.3 On-going Studies......Page 56
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 57
4.3 USE......Page 61
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 64
5.2.1 Air......Page 65
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 69
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 71
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 72
5.3.2.3 Soil......Page 73
5.4.2 Water......Page 74
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 75
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 76
5.7.1 Data Needs......Page 77
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 79
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 83
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 86
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 87
8. REFERENCES......Page 90
EPA Health Advisory......Page 103
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 104
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 105
User’s Guide......Page 106
Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Symbols......Page 112
PEER REVIEW......Page 115