Toxicological profiles - Nickel

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR NICKEL......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 8
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 6
PEER REVIEW......Page 7
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 11
LIST OF TABLES......Page 12
1.1 WHAT IS NICKEL?......Page 13
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO NICKEL WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 14
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO NICKEL?......Page 15
1.5 HOW CAN NICKEL AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 17
1.7 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 20
1.8 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 21
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 23
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 25
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 27
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 59
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 60
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 62
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 63
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 66
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 70
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 89
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 90
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 92
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 93
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 99
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 100
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 101
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 102
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 103
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 104
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 106
2.3.2.4 Other Routesof Exposure......Page 107
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 108
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 109
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 110
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 113
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 116
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 118
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 119
2.6 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 140
2.6.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Nickel......Page 141
2.6.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Nickel......Page 143
2.7 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 144
2.8 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 145
2.9.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 146
2.9.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 147
2.9.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 148
2.10 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 149
2.10.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Nickel......Page 150
2.10.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 152
2.10.3 On-going Studies......Page 159
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 160
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 166
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 168
4.3 USE......Page 170
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 171
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 172
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 178
5.2.1 Air......Page 179
5.2.2 Water......Page 181
5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE......Page 183
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 184
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 189
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 190
5.4.1 Air......Page 191
5.4.2 Water......Page 193
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 195
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 197
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 198
5.6 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 202
5.7.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 203
5.7.2 On-going Studies......Page 206
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 207
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 208
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 211
6.3.2 On-going Studies......Page 215
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 216
8. REFERENCES......Page 223
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 258
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (K ) ow......Page 259
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 260
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL......Page 261
USER'S GUIDE......Page 265
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 272