Toxicological profiles - Methyl parathion

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR METHYL PARATHION......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
CONTENTS......Page 13
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS METHYL PARATHION?......Page 21
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO METHYL PARATHION?......Page 22
1.5 HOW CAN METHYL PARATHION AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN METHYL PARATHION AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 25
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO METHYL PARATHION?......Page 26
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO METHYL PARATHION?......Page 28
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 29
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 30
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO METHYL PARATHION IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 31
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 33
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 37
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 39
3.2.1.1 Death......Page 41
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 44
3.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 45
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 47
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 49
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lympyhoreticular Effects......Page 68
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 69
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 73
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 75
3.2.3.1 Death......Page 76
3.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 78
3.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 79
3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 80
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 81
3.4.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 87
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 88
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 89
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 90
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 91
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 92
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 95
3.4.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 96
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 97
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 100
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 101
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 103
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 104
3.7 CHILDREN'S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 107
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 111
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Methyl Parathion......Page 112
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Methyl Parathion......Page 113
3.9 INTERACTION WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 115
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 116
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 117
3.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 118
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 119
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Methyl Parathion......Page 120
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 122
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 131
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 133
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 137
5.3 USE......Page 139
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 143
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 145
6.2.1 Air......Page 147
6.2.2 Water......Page 148
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FATE......Page 150
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 151
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 153
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 155
6.4.1 Air......Page 156
6.4.2 Water......Page 158
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 159
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 160
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 162
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 164
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALL HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 166
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 167
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 168
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 171
7.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 175
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 178
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 182
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 183
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 184
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 185
9. REFERENCES......Page 191
Case Report......Page 241
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 242
Morbidity......Page 243
Physiologically Based Pharmacodynamic (PBPD) Model......Page 244
Retrospective Study......Page 245
Xenobiotic......Page 246
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 247
USER'S GUIDE......Page 253
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 260