Toxicological profiles - Manganese

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR MANGANESE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 21
1.1 WHAT IS MANGANESE?......Page 22
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO MANGANESE WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 23
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO MANGANESE?......Page 24
1.4 HOW CAN MANGANESE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 25
1.5 HOW CAN MANGANESE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 26
1.6 HOW CAN MANGANESE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 31
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO MANGANESE?......Page 34
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO MANGANESE?......Page 35
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 36
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 38
2.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 40
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 42
2.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 45
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 46
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 47
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 71
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 72
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 88
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 90
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 91
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 92
2.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 93
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 121
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 123
2.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 137
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 138
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 151
2.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 157
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 165
2.2.2.8 Cancer......Page 166
2.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 168
2.2.3.1 Death......Page 172
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 173
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 182
2.2.3.4 Neurological Effects......Page 183
2.2.3.6 Developmental Effects......Page 184
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 187
2.2.3.8 Cancer......Page 188
2.2.4 DIAGNOSTIC USES......Page 189
2.2.4.1 Death......Page 190
2.2.4.2 Systemic Effects......Page 191
2.2.4.4 Neurological Effects......Page 196
2.2.4.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 197
2.2.4.6 Developmental Effects......Page 198
2.2.4.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 200
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 201
2.3.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 203
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 207
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 213
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 215
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 220
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 226
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 231
2.3.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 232
2.3.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 236
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 237
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 239
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 244
2.4.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 250
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 251
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 298
2.7 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 311
2.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 312
2.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Manganese......Page 314
2.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Manganese......Page 319
2.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER SUBSTANCES......Page 321
2.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 323
2.11.1 Reducing Peak Absorption Following Exposure......Page 328
2.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 329
2.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 330
2.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 331
2.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Manganese......Page 332
2.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 335
2.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 350
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 354
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 361
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 366
4.3 USE......Page 367
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 369
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 371
5.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 373
5.2.1 Air......Page 378
5.2.2 Water......Page 381
5.2.3 Soil......Page 382
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 383
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 385
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 386
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 387
5.4.1 Air......Page 388
5.4.2 Water......Page 391
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 393
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 394
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 397
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 401
5.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 403
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 405
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 406
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 410
6. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 411
6.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 412
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 417
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 421
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 427
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 428
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 429
8. REFERENCES......Page 436
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 496
Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (Kow)......Page 497
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 498
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 500
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 502
USER'S GUIDE......Page 506
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 514
CITED REFERENCES LIST......Page 519