Toxicological profiles - Ethion

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR ETHION......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 13
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 9
PEER REVIEW......Page 11
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 17
LIST OF TABLES......Page 19
1.1 WHAT IS ETHION?......Page 21
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO ETHION WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO ETHION?......Page 23
1.5 HOW CAN ETHION AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 24
1.6 HOW CAN ETHION AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO ETHION?......Page 27
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO ETHION?......Page 29
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 30
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 31
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 33
2.2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 35
2.2.2.1 Death......Page 36
2.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 37
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 57
2.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 61
2.2.2.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 62
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 63
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 64
2.3 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 66
2.3.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 68
2.3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 69
2.3.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 70
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 71
2.3.4.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 72
2.3.5 Physiologically based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 73
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 75
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 77
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 78
2.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 94
2.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 98
2.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by Ethion......Page 100
2.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 101
2.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 102
2.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 103
2.12 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 104
2.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Ethion......Page 105
2.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 107
2.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 111
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 112
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 116
4.3 USE......Page 117
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 118
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 120
5.2.1 Air......Page 125
5.2.2 Water......Page 126
5.2.3 Soil......Page 127
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 128
5.3.2 Transformation and Degradation......Page 130
5.3.2.1 Air......Page 131
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 133
5.3.2.3 Soil Transformation and Degradation......Page 135
5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 136
5.4.2 Water......Page 138
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 139
5.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 141
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 146
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 152
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 156
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 157
5.8.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 161
6.1 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES......Page 163
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 165
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 171
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 172
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 173
8. REFERENCES......Page 178
Case-Control Study......Page 197
Genotoxicity......Page 198
Malformations......Page 199
Pesticide......Page 200
Reference Dose......Page 201
Threshold Limit Value......Page 202
Xenobiotic......Page 203
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 205
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 207
USER'S GUIDE......Page 216
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 228