Toxicological profiles - Di-n-butyl phthalate

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWARD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE?......Page 16
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE?......Page 17
1.5 HOW CAN DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 19
1.6 HOW CAN DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 20
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE?......Page 21
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 22
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 23
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 24
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 25
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS FOR DI-n-BUTYL PHTHALATE.......Page 27
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 30
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 32
3.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 34
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 35
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 55
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 56
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 58
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 61
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 62
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 64
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 66
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 67
3.4.3.1 Inhalation Exposure.......Page 68
3.4.3.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 69
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 71
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 78
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 79
3.6 ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION......Page 80
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 82
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 85
3.8.2 Biomarkers Used to Characterize Effects Caused by......Page 86
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 87
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 88
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of......Page 89
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 91
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 96
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 98
5.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 101
5.3 USE......Page 103
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 104
6.2 RELEASES TO THE ENVIRONMENT......Page 106
6.2.1 Air......Page 108
6.2.2 Water......Page 109
6.2.3 Soil......Page 113
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 114
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 117
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 118
6.4.2 Water......Page 119
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 121
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 126
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 129
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 131
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 132
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 135
7. ANALYTICAL METHODS......Page 136
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 137
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 142
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 143
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 144
9. REFERENCES......Page 153
Case Report......Page 192
Half-life......Page 193
Minimal Risk Level (MRL)......Page 194
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 195
Reportable Quantity (RQ)......Page 196
Toxicokinetic......Page 197
Xenobiotic......Page 198
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 199
USER'S GUIDE......Page 203
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 210