Toxicological profiles - Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)PHTHALATE......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1.1 WHAT IS DEHP?......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO DEHP WHEN IT ENTERS THE ENVIRONMENT?......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO DEHP?......Page 18
1.5 HOW CAN DEHP AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 19
1.6 HOW CAN DEHP AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 21
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DEHP?......Page 22
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 23
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 24
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)- PHTHALATE IN THE UNITED STATES......Page 26
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 27
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 31
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 36
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 38
3.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 39
3.2.1.7 Cancer......Page 43
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 44
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 96
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 97
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 101
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 105
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 107
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 108
3.4 TOXICOKINETICS......Page 117
3.4.1.2 Oral Exposure......Page 119
3.4.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 120
3.4.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 121
3.4.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 122
3.4.2.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 123
3.4.3 Metabolism......Page 124
3.4.4.2 Oral Exposure......Page 126
3.4.4.4 Other Routes of Exposure......Page 127
3.4.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 128
3.5.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 135
3.5.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 136
3.5.3 Animal-to-Human Extrapolations......Page 149
3.6 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 151
3.7 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 154
3.8 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 160
3.8.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to DEHP......Page 161
3.9 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 163
3.10 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 166
3.11 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 167
3.11.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 168
3.11.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 169
3.12.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of DEHP......Page 170
3.12.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 173
3.12.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 185
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 187
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 190
5.3 USE......Page 193
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 194
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 195
6.2.1 Air......Page 197
6.2.2 Water......Page 202
6.2.3 Soil......Page 203
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 204
6.3.2.2 Water......Page 206
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 207
6.4.1 Air......Page 208
6.4.2 Water......Page 210
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 211
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 213
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 218
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 224
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 225
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 228
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 230
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 233
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 236
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 237
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 238
9. REFERENCES......Page 245
Case Report......Page 301
Epigenetic......Page 302
Malformations......Page 303
Pharmacokinetics......Page 304
Reference Dose (RfD)......Page 305
Time-Weighted Average (TWA)......Page 306
Xenobiotic......Page 307
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 308
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 310
USER'S GUIDE......Page 316
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 323