Toxicological profiles - Ddt, dde, and ddd

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR DDT, DDE, and DDD......Page 1
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 4
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 6
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 8
PEER REVIEW......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 14
LIST OF TABLES......Page 15
1. PUBLIC HEALTH STATEMENT......Page 16
1.2 WHAT HAPPENS TO DDT, DDE, AND DDD WHEN THEY ENTER THE......Page 17
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO DDT, DDE, AND DDD?......Page 19
1.4 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 20
1.5 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 21
1.6 HOW CAN DDT, DDE, AND DDD AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 22
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO DDT, DDE, AND......Page 24
1.8 IS THERE A MEDICAL TEST TO DETERMINE WHETHER I HAVE BEEN......Page 25
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO......Page 26
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 27
2.1 BACKGROUND AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES TO DDT/DDE/DDD IN THE......Page 28
2.2 SUMMARY OF HEALTH EFFECTS......Page 32
2.3 MINIMAL RISK LEVELS......Page 40
3.1 INTRODUCTION......Page 45
3.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 46
3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 47
3.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 48
3.2.2 Oral Exposure......Page 49
3.2.2.1 Death......Page 84
3.2.2.2 Systemic Effects......Page 86
3.2.2.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 99
3.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 102
3.2.2.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 105
3.2.2.6 Developmental Effects......Page 112
3.2.2.7 Cancer......Page 120
3.2.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 139
3.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 140
3.2.3.7 Cancer......Page 142
3.3 GENOTOXICITY......Page 143
3.4 HEALTH EFFECTS IN WILDLIFE POTENTIALLY RELEVANT TO HUMAN HEALTH......Page 147
3.5.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 153
3.5.1.3 Dermal Exposure......Page 154
3.5.2 Distribution......Page 155
3.5.3 Metabolism......Page 158
3.5.4 Elimination and Excretion......Page 164
3.6.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 175
3.6.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 176
3.7 TOXICITIES MEDIATED THROUGH THE NEUROENDOCRINE AXIS......Page 192
3.8 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 196
3.9 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 204
3.9.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to DDT, DDE, and DDD......Page 205
3.10 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 207
3.12 METHODS FOR REDUCING TOXIC EFFECTS......Page 210
3.12.2 Reducing Body Burden......Page 211
3.12.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 212
3.13 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 213
3.13.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of DDT, DDE, and DDD......Page 214
3.13.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 216
3.13.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 228
4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 232
5.1 PRODUCTION......Page 237
5.3 USE......Page 238
5.4 DISPOSAL......Page 239
6.1 OVERVIEW......Page 240
6.2.2 Water......Page 245
6.2.3 Soil......Page 246
6.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 247
6.3.2.1 Air......Page 252
6.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 253
6.4.1 Air......Page 257
6.4.2 Water......Page 259
6.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 262
6.4.4 Other Environmental Media......Page 267
6.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 279
6.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 295
6.7 POPULATIONS WITH POTENTIALLY HIGH EXPOSURES......Page 297
6.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 298
6.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 299
6.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 302
7.1 BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS......Page 305
7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 310
7.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 316
7.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 317
7.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 318
8. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 319
9. REFERENCES......Page 330
Case Report......Page 420
Half- life......Page 421
Minimal Risk Level......Page 422
Pharmacokinetic Model......Page 423
Reportable Quantity......Page 424
Toxicokinetic......Page 425
Xenobiotic......Page 426
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVEL AND WORKSHEETS......Page 427
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 429
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 432
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL WORKSHEET......Page 435
USER'S GUIDE......Page 436
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 443
APPENDIX D......Page 448