Toxicological profiles - Chloroethane

TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLOROETHANE......Page 1
CONTENTS......Page 14
DISCLAIMER......Page 2
UPDATE STATEMENT......Page 3
FOREWORD......Page 5
QUICK REFERENCE FOR HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS......Page 7
CONTRIBUTORS......Page 10
PEER REVIEW......Page 12
LIST OF FIGURES......Page 18
LIST OF TABLES......Page 20
1.1 WHAT IS CHLOROETHANE?......Page 22
1.3 HOW MIGHT I BE EXPOSED TO CHLOROETHANE?......Page 23
1.4 HOW CAN CHLOROETHANE ENTER AND LEAVE MY BODY?......Page 24
1.5 HOW CAN CHLOROETHANE AFFECT MY HEALTH?......Page 25
1.6 HOW CAN CHLOROETHANE AFFECT CHILDREN?......Page 26
1.7 HOW CAN FAMILIES REDUCE THE RISK OF EXPOSURE TO CHLOROETHANE?......Page 27
1.9 WHAT RECOMMENDATIONS HAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT MADE TO PROTECT HUMAN HEALTH?......Page 28
1.10 WHERE CAN I GET MORE INFORMATION?......Page 29
2.2 DISCUSSION OF HEALTH EFFECTS BY ROUTE OF EXPOSURE......Page 32
2.2.1.1 Death......Page 34
2.2.1.2 Systemic Effects......Page 51
2.2.1.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 61
2.2.1.4 Neurological Effects......Page 62
2.2.1.5 Reproductive Effects......Page 65
2.2.1.6 Developmental Effects......Page 66
2.2.1.8 Cancer......Page 67
2.2.2.4 Neurological Effects......Page 68
2.2.3.2 Systemic Effects......Page 69
2.2.3.3 Immunological and Lymphoreticular Effects......Page 70
2.2.3.7 Genotoxic Effects......Page 71
2.3.1.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 72
2.3.2 Distribution......Page 73
2.3.2.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 74
2.3.3 Metabolism......Page 75
2.3.4.1 Inhalation Exposure......Page 79
2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models......Page 80
2.4.1 Pharmacokinetic Mechanisms......Page 84
2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity......Page 85
2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH......Page 86
Overview......Page 87
Minimal Risk Levels for Chloroethane......Page 88
2.6 CHILDREN’S SUSCEPTIBILITY......Page 99
2.7 BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND EFFECT......Page 103
2.7.1 Biomarkers Used to Identify or Quantify Exposure to Chloroethane......Page 104
2.8 INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHEMICALS......Page 105
2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE......Page 106
2.10.3 Interfering with the Mechanism of Action for Toxic Effects......Page 107
2.11.1 Existing Information on Health Effects of Chloroethane......Page 108
2.11.2 Identification of Data Needs......Page 110
Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect......Page 113
2.11.3 Ongoing Studies......Page 116
3.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES......Page 117
4.1 PRODUCTION......Page 121
4.2 IMPORT/EXPORT......Page 122
4.4 DISPOSAL......Page 124
5.1 OVERVIEW......Page 126
5.2.1 Air......Page 129
5.2.3 Soil......Page 131
5.3.1 Transport and Partitioning......Page 132
5.3.2.2 Water......Page 133
5.3.2.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 134
5.4.1 Air......Page 135
5.4.3 Sediment and Soil......Page 136
5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE......Page 137
5.6 EXPOSURES OF CHILDREN......Page 138
5.8 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 139
5.8.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 140
5.8.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 143
6.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES......Page 144
6.3 ADEQUACY OF THE DATABASE......Page 150
6.3.1 Identification of Data Needs......Page 151
6.3.2 Ongoing Studies......Page 152
7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES......Page 154
8. REFERENCES......Page 158
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)......Page 175
No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL)......Page 176
Toxic Dose (TD50)......Page 177
Uncertainty Factor (UF)......Page 178
ATSDR MINIMAL RISK LEVELS AND WORKSHEETS......Page 180
MINIMAL RISK LEVEL (MRL) WORKSHEET......Page 182
USER'S GUIDE......Page 184
ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND SYMBOLS......Page 192